Browsing by Author "Mackie, Diane M."
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- Familiarity can increase stereotypingPublication . Smith, Elliot R.; Miller, Daniel A.; Maitner, Angela T.; Crump, Sara A.; Garcia-Marques, Teresa; Mackie, Diane M.Two experiments show that repeated exposure to information about a target person reduces individuation and thereby increases stereotyping of the target person based on social group memberships. The eVect is not due to familiarity-induced liking (the mere exposure eVect), nor is it mediated by increased accessibility of the target’s social category, nor by increases in perceived social judgeability. The results are most consistent with the use of feelings of familiarity as a regulator of processing mode, such that familiar objects receive less systematic or analytic processing. In everyday life, frequent exposure to another person ordinarily produces not only familiarity but also liking, individuated knowledge, and friendship, factors that may eVectively limit stereotyping. But when previous exposure is unconfounded from these other factors, its eVect can be to increase stereotyping.
- Familiarity impacts person perceptionPublication . Garcia-Marques, Teresa; Mackie, Diane M.We investigated the effects of familiarity on person perception. We predicted that familiarity would increase non-analytic processing, reducing attention to and the impact of individuating information, and increasing the impact of category labels on judgments about a target person. In two studies participants read either incriminating or exculpatory individuating information about a defendant in a criminal case and made judgments of guilt. In Study 1, participants were subliminally exposed to the defendant’s photo, another matched photo, or no photo before seeing the evidence. Participants familiar with the defendant’s photo both processed and used the individuating information less. In Study 2, participants were subtly made familiar or not with the incriminating and exculpatory information itself, and the defendant was described either as a priest or as a skinhead. Familiarity with the information reduced attention to its content and also tended to increase reliance on category information in guilt judgments.
- Familiarity increases subjective positive affect even in non-affective and non-evaluative contextsPublication . Garcia-Marques, Teresa; Prada, Marília; Mackie, Diane M.Previous research shows that the experience of familiarity involves the experience of positive affect. In two experiments we clarify and extend this research by showing that the experience of familiarity involves the experience of positive affect even when the nature of the experimental task is non-affective and non-evaluative and even when participants are actively performing other cognitive operations—that the association of familiarity and positive affect is not disrupted by (non-affective and nonevaluative) judgments regardless of whether familiarity does or does not play a role in those judgments. Experiment 1 used a non-affective but evaluative task and Experiment 2 a completely non-evaluative task. Both studies manipulated familiarity through re-exposure and showed that processing familiar stimuli induced a pleasurable subjective experience.
- Fluency and attitudesPublication . Claypool, Heather M.; Mackie, Diane M.; Garcia-Marques, TeresaThe goal of this article is to review how, when, and why f luency, or processing ease, affects attitudes. The current article first defines f luency and then discusses its direct impact on attitudes, noting that f luency usually makes attitudes more positive and that it does so for a wide array of attitude objects. Mechanisms and moderators of these direct effects are also described. The article then summarizes how f luency can affect attitudes indirectly, through its impact on other judgments (like perceptions of confidence or truth) and on cognitive operations (like information processing). The article ends by highlighting a few areas where additional research is likely to reap impressive benefits.
- Is It Familiar or Positive? Mutual Facilitation of Response LatenciesPublication . Garcia-Marques, Teresa; Mackie, Diane M.; Claypool, Heather M.; Garcia-Marques, LeonelWe provide evidence for a previously unstudied consequence of the relationship that familiarity has with positive affect: Positive affect and familiarity exert a bi-directional impact on latencies to judgments about the other. Experiment 1 showed that this association caused predictable facilitation and inhibition patterns on both evaluative and recognition task response times in an implicit association paradigm. In Experiment 2 participants in a forced recognition task decided which of two symbols (one primed with a subliminal happy face and the other with a subliminal neutral circle) they had seen before. Because of the intrinsic association between familiarity and positivity, the positivity activated from the subliminal happy prime facilitated familiarity judgments. Implications of these results for cognitiveaffective relations are discussed.
- Moderation of the familiarity-stereotyping effect: The role of stereotype fitPublication . Garcia-Marques, Teresa; Mackie, Diane M.; Maitner, Angela T.; Claypool, Heather M.Research has shown that familiarity induced by prior exposure can decrease analytic processing and increase reliance on heuristic processing, including the use of stereotypes (the familiarity-stereotyping effect). We hypothesize that the familiarity-stereotyping effect will occur only when a stereotype provides information that fits with the judgmental context. When a stereotype and other encountered information are inconsistent with one another, heuristic processing will be disrupted and the familiarity-stereotyping effect will be eliminated. To test this hypothesis, we replicated two experiments from Garcia-Marques and Mackie (2007), manipulating the level of familiarity of information and the stereotypic fit of a suspect’s occupation to a crime context. Prior exposure to both categorical information (Study 1) and criminal evidence (Study 2) increased stereotyping and decreased analytic consideration of the evidence, but only when the suspect’s occupation was stereotypically consistent with the crime.
- Positivity can cue familiarityPublication . Garcia-Marques, Teresa; Mackie, Diane M.; Claypool, Heather M.; Garcia-Marques, LeonelGiven that familiarity is closely associated with positivity, the authors sought evidence for the idea that positivity would increase perceived familiarity. In Experiment 1, smiling and thus positively perceived novel faces were significantly more likely to be incorrectly judged as familiar than novel faces with neutral expressions. In Experiment 2, subliminal association with positive affect (a positively valenced prime) led to false recognition of novel words as familiar. In Experiment 3, validity judgments, known to be influenced by familiarity, were more likely to occur if participants were in happy mood states than neutral mood states. Despite their different paradigms and approaches, the results of these three studies converge on the idea that, at least under certain circumstances, the experience of positivity itself can signal familiarity, perhaps because the experience of familiarity is typically positive.
- Prior source exposure and persuasion: Further evidence for misattributional processesPublication . Weisbuch, Max; Mackie, Diane M.; Garcia-Marques, TeresaTo assess the persuasive impact of prior source exposure, two studies paired persuasive messages with a source to whom participants had previously been exposed subliminally, explicitly, or not at all. In Experiment 2, participants’ attention also was drawn to information that potentially undermined the implications of any reaction to re-exposure. Compared to no exposure, prior subliminal exposure increased the source’s persuasiveness, an effect not mediated by source liking. Explicit exposure increased source persuasiveness to the extent that the source was liked more and only absent a recall cue. Results favored misattributional accounts of prior exposure effects.
- The effects of personal relevance and repetition on persuasive processingPublication . Claypool, Heather M.; Mackie, Diane M.; Garcia-Marques, Teresa; McIntosh, Ashley; Udall, AshtonPast research has suggested that familiarity with amessage, brought about by repetition, can increase (Cacioppo & Petty, 1989) or decrease (Garcia–Marques & Mackie, 2001) analytic (systematic) processing of that message. Two experiments attempted to resolve these contradictory findings by examining how personal relevance may moderate the impact of familiarity on processing. Experiment 1 manipulated repetition and personal relevance and found that message repetition increased analytic processing (as reflected by greater persuasion following strong vs.weak arguments) under high relevance conditions and decreased analytic processing when relevance was low. In Experiment 2, both repetition and relevance were manipulated in different ways, but results again showed that repetition reduced analytic processing under low relevance conditions and that perceived familiarity mediated this outcome. Implications of these findings are discussed.
- The feeling of familiarity as a regulator of persuasive processingPublication . Garcia-Marques, Teresa; Mackie, Diane M.Two experiments demonstrated that a subjective feeling of familiarity determined whether participants processed persuasive information analytically (systematically) or non-analytically (heuristically). In the first experiment, individuals unfamiliar with message content showed differential attitude change when strong versus weak arguments were presented, whereas individuals made familiar with the message through unrelated repetition failed to do so. These results were confirmed in a second study that manipulated familiarity through subtle repetition and eliminated procedural priming explanations of the effect. Implications of these findings for familiarity as a regulator of persuasive processing are discussed.