PEDU - Artigos em revistas internacionais
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- L’influence du réseau affiliatif sur la répartition de l’attention sociale chez l’enfant en groupe préscolairePublication . Santos, António José; Vaughn, Brian E.; Bonnet, JérômeCette étude examine les variations dans l'allocation de l'attention sociale, en fonction des rôles sociaux des enfants d'âge préscolaire dans le réseau affiliatif de leur groupe. Les observations ont été réalisées auprès d'enfants de cinq ans, en automne, en hiver et au printemps de l'année scolaire en utilisant la technique du «voisin le plus proche». Les résultats révèlent de forts biais endogroupes dans la répartition de l'attention interpersonnelle. Des analyses complémentaires explorent les préférences des enfants pour des partenaires spécifiques et documentent la stratification des unités affiliatives. Les cliques de plus haut statut reçoivent comparativement plus l'attention des membres des autres sous-groupes d'affiliation. Ces résultats sont discutés par rapport à l'émergence des compétences sociales qui facilitent l'intégration des enfants dans le groupe préscolaire.
- Competencia retórica. Una propuesta para interpretar las dificultades de comprensiónPublication . Sánchez-Miguel, Emilio; Gonzalez, António José C. A.; García Pérez, José RicardoEste trabajo mide el impacto de la Competencia Retórica –la capacidad para operar con los mecanismos que proporcionan coherencia al texto- en la comprensión lectora. Concretamente, se considera la habilidad para operar con dos mecanismos textuales diferentes: las conectivas lógicas y los dispositivos anafóricos. Con ello se ofrece una interpretación comunicativa amplia de las dificultades de comprensión que experimentan muchos lectores: la dificultad para interpretar las intenciones e ideas de un emisor apoyándose en las señales que su mensaje encierra, señales que se hacen más complejas en el tránsito de lo oral a lo escrito, siendo pues aquí donde la competencia retórica cobra un papel mayor. Los resultados confirman la importancia de la competencia retórica en el proceso de comprensión y su peso específico frente a otras variables: conocimientos previos, reconocimiento de palabras y memoria de trabajo. Faltaría determinar la dirección de su relación con la comprensión.
- Self-esteem and academic achievement among adolescentsPublication . Martins, Margarida Alves; Peixoto, Francisco José Brito; Pereira, Maria Gouveia; Amaral, Virgílio Ribeiro; Pedro, IsauraThe main purpose of this research is to analyse what strategies are pursued in order to protect self-esteem when it is threatened by a negative self-evaluation of school competence. Participants were 838 secondary-school students from the seventh to the ninth grades. Data were collected using Harter’s Self-Perception Pro le for Adolescents, together with a Scale of Attitudes towards School. Our results show that there are signi cant differences between the self-esteem enjoyed by successful and unsuccessful students in the seventh grade; such differences disappear in the eighth and ninth grades. They also reveal success-related differences in domain-speci c self-evaluation. We also found that students with low levels of academic achievement attribute less importance to school-related areas and reveal less favourable attitudes towards school. We discuss these results in terms of Harter’s self-esteem model and Robinson and Tayler’s self-esteem protection model.
- Relations between children’s invented spelling and the development of phonological awarenessPublication . Silva, Ana Cristina; Martins, Margarida AlvesThe objective of this study was to assess the impact on phonological skills of a training program that was intended to lead preschool children to move from prephonetic spellings to early phonemic spellings. The participants were 30 preschool children who were divided into two groups (experimental and control groups) that were equivalent in terms of the children’s intelligence, the number of letters with which they were familiar and the nature of their invented spelling. The intervention proved effective, inasmuch as the children in the experimental group moved to early phonemic spellings, whereas those in the control group did not. This conceptual evolution entailed enhanced performance in phonemic classification, segmentation and deletion tests, in which the children in the experimental group displayed a degree of progress which differed significantly from that achieved by the members of the control group.
- Support teachers’ beliefs about the academic achievement of students with special educational needsPublication . Silva, José Maria Castro; Morgado, José António MarquesJosé Castro Silva, lecturer in sciences of education, and José Morgado, assistant professor, both work at the Instituto Superior de Psicologica Aplicada in Lisboa, Portugal. In this article, they describe their study of support teachers’ beliefs about the academic achievement of school students with special educational needs. The ‘support teachers’ who were the subject of this study work in mainstream schools where the majority of pupils with special educational needs are educated in mainstream classes run by ‘general teachers’. The work of the support teachers is supervised and supported by ‘special education team co-o rd i n a t o r s ’ . The study reported here set out to elicit the support teachers’ beliefs about the factors that contribute to success at school for pupils with special educational needs. Results suggest that the support teachers consider that factors including ‘school climate’, ‘curriculum design’ and ‘teaching approach’ contribute significantly to achievements among these pupils. On the other hand, analysis reveals that the support teachers attribute difficulties and lack of achievement significantly to ‘out-of-school’ contextual variables. These findings are related to a detailed review of the literature and the authors discuss the implications for policy, practice and professional development.
- Phonological abilities and writing among portuguese preschool childrenPublication . Martins, Margarida Alves; Silva, Ana CristinaThe objective of this study was to identify causal relationships between the development of phonological abilities and progress in writing in preschool children. The participants were 44 children, with an average age of 5 years and 6 months, and whose writing was syllabic with phonetization. The children were divided into three groups. They were subjected to a pre-test and a post-test that were intended to evaluate both their writing and their phonological skills. In between the two tests experimental group 1 underwent a writing training program designed to lead them to produce syllabic-alphabetic/alphabetic writing, while experimental group 2 was subjected to a phonological training program designed to work on phonetic units. The third group served as a control group. The number of letters known and the level of intelligence were controlled. The children in the two experimental groups achieved results that revealed a similar degree of progress (greater than the control group) in both their writing and their phonological abilities.
- The impact of invented spelling on phonemic awarenessPublication . Martins, Margarida Alves; Silva, Ana CristinaThe objective of this study was to assess the impact of a training programme, designed to make preschool-age children’s invented spelling evolve, on their phonemic awareness. The participants were 90 children who were divided into 3 experimental and 3 control groups based on the nature of their invented spelling. Children’s phonemic skills were evaluated in a pre-test and a post-test. In between the experimental groups underwent the training program. The experimental groups achieved greater progress in the phonemic tests than the control groups. The training’s impact on those tests differed depending on the level of the children’s invented spelling.
- Can differences in the ability to recognize words cease to have an effect under certain reading conditions?Publication . Sánchez-Miguel, Emilio; García Pérez, José Ricardo; Gonzalez, António José C. A.In this study, we aimed to ascertain whether it is possible to create reading contexts that eliminate the impact of word recognition on reading comprehension and permit pupils with reading disabilities (RD) to attain a level of comprehension similar to that of their peers without RD. Specifically, the study compared a traditional reading situation with one of reading with aids (joint reading). In both situations, pupils’ comprehension level was assessed by means of a summary and a series of inferential questions, and we controlled the effect on comprehension of word recognition, previous knowledge, rhetorical competence, and working memory. The results showed that the aids provided during reading do not eliminate the effect of word recognition, but they do permit readers with RD to attain a comprehension level similar to that of their peers.
- Atitudes de alunos dos 5.º e 6.º anos de escolaridade face à integração escolar de alunos com Trissomia 21Publication . Morgado, José António Marques; Silva, José Maria CastroEste trabalho teve como objectivo estudar as atitudes de alunos do 2.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico (10-12 anos de idade) face à integração escolar de alunos com Trissomia 21, considerando como variável principal a existência (ou não) de contacto com esses alunos. Foram entrevistados dois grupos de trinta alunos. O primeiro grupo frequentava uma turma de ensino regular com uma criança com Trissomia 21 (Grupo de Contacto Próximo) e o segundo grupo frequentava escolas onde não existiam crianças com Trissomia 21 ou qualquer outra deficiência integrada (Grupo de Contacto Nulo). Os dados recolhidos através de entrevistas foram sujeitos a análise de conteúdo sendo posteriormente objecto de análise estatística de tipo descritivo e inferencial (teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney, considerando o nível de significância a=0.05). Os resultados mostraram que os alunos com contacto próximo manifestam atitudes mais positivas relativamente à integração escolar de crianças com Síndrome de Down do que os alunos com contacto nulo. Podemos, no entanto, concluir que ambos os grupos revelaram, na generalidade, atitudes positivas face à possível integração de crianças com a Síndrome de Down no meio escolar. ------ RESUMÈ ------ L’article a pour but d’étudier les attitudes d’élèves du 2ème Cycle de l’Ensei-gnement Basique (10-12 annés d’âge) par rapport à l’intégration scolaire d’élèves atteints de Trisomie 21, en considérant comme variable principale l’existence (ou non) de contact avec ces élèves. Deux groupes de trente élèves ont été interrogés le premier groupe fréquentait un établissement scolaire régulier intégrant un enfant atteint de Trisomie 21 (Groupe de Contact Proche) et le second groupe fréquentait des écoles dans lesquelles il n’y avait pas d’intégration d’enfants trisomiques (Groupe de Contact Nul). Les données rassemblées à travers les entrevues ont été soumises à une analyse de contenu, puis dans un deuxième temps à une analyse statistique descriptive. Les résultats ont montré que les élèves qui fréquentent un établissement scolaire qui accueille un enfant atteint de Trisomie 21 manifestent des attitudes plus positives à l’égard de l’intégration scolaire d’enfants avec Syndrome de Down que ceux qui ne côtoient pas d’enfants atteint de Trisomie 21 dans leur établissement. Par ailleurs, l’étude a permis de montrer que l’ensemble des enfants interrogés ont manifesté, en géneral, une attitude positive à l’égard d’une éventuelle intégration d’enfants trisomiques.
- Morphological priming effects on children’s spellingPublication . Rosa, Joao Manuel; Nunes, TerezinhaPrevious research has suggested that children in the early grades of primary school do not have much awareness of morphemes. In this study, a priming paradigm was used to try to detect early signs of morphological representation of stems through a spelling task presented to Portuguese children (N = 805; age range 6–9 years). Primes shared the stem with the targets and contained well-articulated, stressed vowels; the stems of the target words and pseudo-words contained nonstressed schwa vowels, which typically result in spelling difficulties. If priming proved effective, the well-articulated vowels in the prime should result in an improvement in the spelling of the schwa vowels. Primes were presented in two conditions: in only-oral or in oral-plus-written form. Effectiveness of priming was assessed by comparison with a no-priming condition. For both words and pseudowords, there was a significant interaction between priming effects and grade. No priming effects were detected in 6- and 7-year-old children; oral-plus-written priming produced higher rates of correct vowel spelling for 8- and 9-year-olds; only-oral priming was effective in improving the vowel spelling of 9-year-olds. Thus older children can use morphological information under priming conditions when the prime and the target are not phonologically transparent but there is no evidence to suggest that younger children do so.