Psicologia Cognitiva
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- Conflito sócio-cognitivo e desenvolvimento cognitivoPublication . Mugny, Gabriel; Levy, May; Doise, WillemThis study investigates different modalities of social interaction and their effects on the progressiv mastery of spatial representations in children of age 5 to 6 years and 8 months. More precisely, children are confronted in four experimental situations with spatial transformations that are performed by an adult. These transformations are either 1) correct, 2) incorrect at a level superior to the subject’s initial one, 3) incorrect at an inferior level but still possessing a certain systematic structure, 4) completely absurd. In a control situation subjects work with the same material; however, this time there is no interaction with an adult. One finding is that models superior to the subject’s level can provoke progress. Another, perhaps even more important finding is that progress can also be provoked by inferior models to the subject’s initial level. This result was corroborated in a complementary experiment which further demonstrated that repetitiv interactions with an adult model proposing an inferior performance can stabilise the subject’s progress.
- Mecanismos de regulação narcísica no Rorschach. Contribuição para o estudo da HisteriaPublication . Boekholt, MoniqueTaking into acount the structual analysis of Narcisism by G. Rosolato on me side, and the concept of self-representation in Rorschach worked out by N. Rauch de Traubenberg on the other side, this work aims at identifying, in Rorschach, the indicators of the narcissic mental activity considered as a main regative prolperty for the cohesiveness of the self. A study of some psychopathogical structures is pre psed, hysteria is given here as an example.
- The contextual nature of conditional reasoningPublication . Byrne, Ruth M. J.; McDonald, NickIn this thesis, it is proposed that the products of human rea-soning- are a function of the context in which that reasoning occurs. Consequently, the effects of two kinds of contexts are addressed, in two series of experiments. In the first series, the environmental context, in which conditional reasoning is embedded, was explored. In Experiment 1 subjects were given conditional arguments, accompanied by contextual information consisting of a second conditional. The antecedent in the second conditional was either an alternative condition or an additional condition. It was found that alternative conditions suppress the inferences traditionally considered fallacious, while additional conditions suppress the inferences sanctioned as logically valid. It was also found that when these alternative or additional conditions are conjoined or disjoined In the minor premises that accompany the con¬ditional arguments, this suppression no longer occurs, In Experiment 2, groups of subjects were again given conditional arguments that were either accompanied by extra contextual information or not. Further groups were given conditional arguments that were prefaced either by Information about the relevance of contextual Information, or by tasks requiring the retrieval of contextual Information. It was found that neither recognizing the relevance of contextual Information nor retrieving that Information in isolation, is enough to suppress the inferences. It was found once more, that contextual Information, which embodies both of these features, suppresses the inferences, replicating the primary results of Experiment 1. In Experiment 3, groups of subjects were given conditional inducements. One group received inducements unaccompanied by any contextual Information. Other groups received them accompanied by information about the situation in which the utterance was made, or by information about the duration of the utterance (either that it was long or short), or accompanied by information about both the situation and the duration. It was found that information about both the situation and that it was a long duration suppresses the invalid inferences, while information about the situation and that it was a short duration suppresses the valid inferences. Neither situational information, which was hypothesized to enable the retrieval of relevant information, nor durational information, which was hypothesized to enable the recognition of the relevance of other information, were singly sufficient to suppress the inferences. A model of inference-testing, based on the conjoined operation of the processes of recognizing the relevance of other information and retrieving specific instances of the relevant information, is described. A second way that the context in which conditional reasoning is embedded can affect reasoning was investigated, In Experiment 4, the frequency of inferences made from sequences of conditional premises was compared to the frequency of inferences made from those premises in isolation from each other. Subjects were given conditional prem¬ises of different forms. It was found that fewer inferences are made on sequences of premises than from those premises in isolation from each other, for certain forms of premises. In Experiment 5, two features, identified as potentially responsible for this, were manipulated. Some subjects received the sequences of conditional premises as before, while others received the premises in isolation, again as before, both of the form for which differences were observed in Experiment 4. Other subjects received arguments constructed to ensure that either the joint presentation of the premises was preserved, or that the uncertainty of using an intermediate conclusion as a minor premise from which to make an inference was preserved, to establish the respective roles of these factors. It was found that the source of differences in the frequency of inferences between sequences of premises and those prem¬ises in isolation can be attributed to the joint representation of the premise information. Experiment 6 determined the role of some of the features of the form of argument for which differences were observed. Groups of sub¬jects were presented with two different forms of sequences of premise, and comparable premises in isolation. One of these new forms possessed one of the features, that of a negative in the first condi¬tional, while the second sequence possessed two of the features that of a negative in the first conditional with that negative located at the consequent of the conditional. Neither possessed the third feature, of the atransitivity of the argument. It was found that neither of these sequences of premises differed from comparable premises in isolation, in the frequency of inferences made. This indicates that all three features are responsible for the joint representation of arguments of certain sequences leading to fewer inferences. A model is proposed that shows how the representation of sequences of premises differs from the representation of premises in isolation. Finally, the implications of the effects of context on conditional reasoning found in these experiments, for the four theories of reasoning described in the introductory review, and for cognitive psychology in general, are explored in the final chapter.
- Raciocínio e esquecimento na depressãoPublication . Quelhas, Ana Cristina; Cláudio, Victor; Power, Michael J.É descrito um estudo no âmbito do raciocínio e do esquecimento dirigido na depressão. A tarefa de raciocínio utilizada, consiste em silogismos lineares que incorporam informação com valência emocional para o secf, quer nas premissas quer nas conclusões. Na tarefa de esquecimento dirigido, utilizam-se adjectivos com características positivas e negativas. A amostra é constítuida por estudantes universitários, sujeitos a avaliação experimental e a uma auto- -avaliação clínica no âmbito da depressão e da ansiedade. ------ ABSTRACT ------ ABSTRACT A studie is described wich investigates reasoning and directed forgetting in depression. Alinear syllogism reasoning task was utilized wich incorporated emotionally vdent information relwant to the self in both premisses and the conclusion. The directed forgetting task used positive and negative material.The task was given to samples of universitary students who were also assessed for their levels of anxiety and depression.
- Amor: Objecto de amor/amor de objectoPublication . Rodrigues, Suzana F.Neste artigo aborda-se a temática das relações de objecto e suas consequências ao longo da vida do indivíduo. Foca-se fundamentalmente o universo da organização mental e psíquica como reflexo da falência ou do sucesso do tipo de amor que o objecto primário tem para oferecer. Aborda-se também a vertente amorosa no casal. ------ ABSTRACT ------ In this paper one broach the subject of the object relations and its consequences through the individual’s life. Fundamentaly, the author focalize the universe of the mental and psychic organization, as a refiex from the rupture or sucess dependent of the kind of love that the first object has to offer. One broach also, the loving slope in the couple. 482
- Raisonnement conditionnel: Modeles mentaux et schemas pragmatiquesPublication . Quelhas, Ana Cristina; Gilly, Michel
- Raciocínio condicional : Silogismos e tarefa de selecçãoPublication . Quelhas, Ana Cristina; Gilly, MichelNas duas experiências apresentadas pretende-se testar hipóteses com base em duas teorias: a teoria dos modelos mentais (Johnson-Laird, 1983; Johnson-Laird & Byrne, 1991); e a teoria dos esquemas pragmáticos de raciocínio (Cheng & Holyoak, 1985, 1989). No domínio do raciocínio condicional foram utilizados dois tipos de tarefa: silogismos condicionais (inferência Modus Ponens e Modus Tollens) e a tarefa de selecção de cartões (Wason, 1966). As frases condicionais que presidem a estas duas tarefas são as mesmas, sendo em ambos os casos apresentadas como regras. Foi manipulado o tipo de condicional (Deôntica ou Neutra), bem como o seu conteúdo (Familiar, Plausível ou Arbitrário), em amostras de sujeitos de diferentes idades (8 anos, 11 anos, 14 anos e ≥ 18 anos). A maior parte dos resultados encontrados pode ser explicado no âmbito da teoria dos modelos mentais, e não corrobora as previsões da teoria dos esquemas pragmáticos de raciocínio. É ainda salientado, na tarefa com silogismos, a utilidade de usar outras formas de classificar as respostas, diferente da habitual dualidade entre respostas Correctas e Não Correctas.