Browsing by Author "Garcia-Marques, Leonel"
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- Acknowledging the role of word-based activation in spontaneous trait inferencesPublication . Orghian, Diana; Ramos, Tânia; Reis, Joana; Garcia-Marques, LeonelAbstract: The first goal of the present paper is to call attention to a confounder in studies that explore Spontaneous Trait Inferences (STI). These studies use, most of the times, behavioral descriptions which strongly imply personality traits about the actor of the behavior. However, a potential limitation of this material is the possibility of the trait being activated by specific words in the sentence (wordbased priming) and not, or not only, by an inference made based on the comprehension of the behavioral sentence as a whole (text-based priming). This aspect has been recurrently ignored in previous studies. In the present paper, we discuss how the word-based priming may have obscured the interpretation of previous results in the STI literature. A second goal of this paper is to present a potential solution for this problem. We created a set of 122 trait-implying sentences and their correspondent control versions. These control sentences have approximately the same words as the trait-implying sentences, but the words are rearranged in such a way that the sentences no longer imply the target traits. By keeping the words constant, we control for the activation from individual words in the sentences (word-based priming). Thus, differences in trait activation between the two sentences can only be attributed to text-based priming. Researchers interested in investigating STI in the Portuguese language can use these materials in their studies. With this paper, we hope to stimulate a discussion about the mechanisms responsible for the trait activation in STI studies.
- Aventureiros, religiosos, ecológicos e artísticos: Pré-teste de descrições comportamentaisPublication . Garcia-Marques, Leonel; Jerónimo, Rita; Garrido, Margarida VazEste artigo apresenta as avaliações de 175 descrições comportamentais ilustrativas de 4 dimensões traço:aventureiro, religioso, ecológico e artístico. De um conjunto inicial de comportamentos gerados para cada dimensão, foram seleccionados 175 que foram avaliados por um outro grupo de participantes. As médias, os desvios padrão e os intervalos de confiança a 95% para cada descrição comportamental são apresentados. Estas normas poderão facilitar a construção de materiais estímulo em futuras investigações psicológicas.
- Buy three but get only two: The smallest effect in a 2 × 2 ANOVA is always uninterpretablePublication . Garcia-Marques, Leonel; Garcia-Marques, Teresa; Brauer, MarkusLoftus (Memory & Cognition 6:312-319, 1978) distinguished between interpretable and uninterpretable interactions. Uninterpretable interactions are ambiguous, because they may be due to two additive main effects (no interaction) and a nonlinear relationship between the (latent) outcome variable and its indicator. Interpretable interactions can only be due to the presence of a true interactive effect in the outcome variable, regardless of the relationship that it establishes with its indicator. In the present article, we first show that same problem can arise when an unmeasured mediator has a nonlinear effect on the measured outcome variable. Then we integrate Loftus's arguments with a seemingly contradictory approach to interactions suggested by Rosnow and Rosenthal (Psychological Bulletin 105:143-146, 1989). We show that entire data patterns, not just interaction effects alone, produce interpretable or noninterpretable interactions. Next, we show that the same problem of interpretability can apply to main effects. Lastly, we give concrete advice on what researchers can do to generate data patterns that provide unambiguous evidence for hypothesized interactions.
- Cognition and native-language grammar: The organizational role of adjective–noun word order in information representationPublication . Percy, Elise J.; Sherman, Steven J.; Garcia-Marques, Leonel; Mata, André; Garcia-Marques, TeresaIn the present research, we investigated the influence of native-language adjective–noun word order on category accessibility for nouns and adjectives by comparing Portuguese speakers (in whose language nouns precede adjectives) with English speakers (in whose language adjectives precede nouns). In two studies, we presented participants with different numbers of verbal or pictorial stimuli, and subsequently they answered questions about noun- and adjective-conditioned frequencies. The results demonstrated a primacy effect of nativelanguage word order. Specifically, although both populations showed a speed advantage for noun-conditioned questions, this tendency was significantly stronger for Portuguese than for American participants. We discuss the important role of native-language syntax rules for the categorization and representation of information.
- Comportamentos e traços de personalidade: Traços gerados para comportamentos de duas dimensões de personalidadePublication . Jerónimo, Rita; Garcia-Marques, Leonel; Garrido, Margarida VazNeste artigo são apresentados traços de personalidade (correspondentes e não correspondentes) gerados para 96 comportamentos de duas dimensões de personalidade (simpatia-antipatia, e inteligência-estupidez) num contexto de formação de impressões de personalidade. Os comportamentos de cada dimensão de personalidade foram apresentados a duas amostras independentes de 15 e 17 participantes (n=32), respectivamente para simpatia-antipatia e inteligência-estupidez. Os resultados são apresentados por tipo de comportamento.
- Dominance and competence face to face: Dissociations obtained with a reverse correlation approachPublication . Oliveira, Manuel; Garcia-Marques, Teresa; Dotsch, Ron; Garcia-Marques, LeonelThe article explores whether the traits representing the dimensions underlying the structure of facial and non-facial impressions are similarly mapped in the face space. Two studies examine whether the trustworthiness-bydominance and the warmth-by-competence two-dimensional models overlap in face perception. In Study 1 (N = 200), we used a reverse-correlation task to obtain classification images (CIs) reflecting how each dimension is mapped onto a face. Results show that the similarity between CIs was higher between warmth and trustworthiness than between competence and dominance. In Study 2 (N = 31) the evaluations of each CI on each social dimension show a higher dissociation between dominance and competence than between trustworthiness and warmth. These results, obtained at both perceptual and judgment levels, suggest that there is only a partial correspondence between the two models that seems to be driven by the relationship that the competence and dominance dimensions establish with valence
- False memories and impressions of personalityPublication . Garcia-Marques, Leonel; Ferreira, Mário Augusto Boto; Nunes, Ludmila Duarte; Garrido, Margarida Vaz; Garcia-Marques, TeresaWe extended the false memories paradigm to the study of impressions formation. Traits most commonly used in describing person-targets were employed to identify the four clusters underlying the implicit theory of personality semantic structure (intellectual positive and negative; social positive and negative). Finally, we developed lists including semantic neighbors of the traits closest to the clusters’ centroid and athematic (non-trait) words. Participants were presented with these lists and instructed to either form an impression of a person described by those words or simply to memorize them. Impression formation relative to memory participants produced higher levels of false memories of lures corresponding to the same cluster of the list traits and the reverse pattern was found for a-thematic words. Parallel results from a gist test suggest that forming impressions implies the activation of a specialized associative memory structure underlying the referred bi-dimensional implicit theory of personality (Rosenberg, Nelson, & Vivekananthan, 1968).
- Generation and testing of emergent traits in composite professional stereotypesPublication . Benrós, Miguel F.; Vaz, André R.; Assunção, Hugo; Correia dos Santos, Ana Sofia; Palma, Tomás; Garcia-Marques, LeonelAbstract: In daily interactions, we frequently meet people that belong to multiple categories, sometimes with conflicting stereotypical implications. Studies show that, when generating attributes for composite stereotypes, novel emergent attributes are created, derived from the constituent categories, but also from real world knowledge (e.g., Hastie, Schroeder, & Weber, 1990; Kunda, Miller, & Claire, 1990). In this work, in a similar vein as the work by Kunda and collaborators (1990), we test composite professional categories, and their simple constituents, in a Portuguese sample. To our knowledge, there is no evidence that, in Portuguese language, composite categories are able to generate emergent properties. We empirically explore the kind of content that is generated, and how the conflict between constituents is solved. In Experiment 1, participants described 24 pairs of composite categories and each constituent. In Experiment 2, we refined the identification of emergent attributes by asking participants to evaluate each previously generated attribute on a rating scale, for each category, constituent or composite, in a between-subject design. Results provide evidence that emergent attributes were generated and revealed a different mean rating in the composite categories that were not in their constituents. We discuss their contribution for future research delving into what kind of processes are at the basis of the creation of composite stereotypes, as well as what is the nature of its mental representation, how stable composite stereotypes are, and how consensual are they, given different possibilities in conflict resolution modes and models (e.g., Hastie et al., 1990; Kunda et al., 1990).
- Identificabilidade dos temas de listas formadas por associação retrógrada (backward) : Contributo para o estudo das memórias falsasPublication . Carneiro, Paula; Ramos, Tânia; Costa, Rui S.; Garcia-Marques, Leonel; Albuquerque, Pedro B.O paradigma DRM tem sido frequentemente usado no estudo das memórias falsas e baseia-se na utilização de listas de palavras associadas convergindo para um determinado tema. Neste estudo são apresentadas as percentagens de identificabilidade dos temas de 79 listas formadas por associação retrógrada. Cada grupo de listas (composto por 15/16 listas) foi testado por um número mínimo de 98 participantes. Após a apresentação auditiva de cada lista DRM, os participantes geraram uma palavra que consideraram como o melhor definidor do tema dessa lista. Os resultados evidenciam grande variabilidade na percentagem de identificação dos temas das listas e incentivam a realização de estudos futuros para melhor compreender o papel da identificabilidade dos temas das listas na formação de memórias falsas.
- Inferências espontâneas de traço : Os quatro paradigmaschavePublication . Ramos, Tânia; Orghian, Diana; Garcia-Marques, LeonelUma inferência espontânea de traço (IET) ocorre quando, após a observação de um comportamento, se infere um traço de personalidade acerca do actor do comportamento, de forma espontânea (i.e., sem intenção nem consciência) (Uleman, Newman, & Moskowitz, 1996). A evolução desta área de investigação tem sido marcada pela tentativa de desenvolver paradigmas experimentais capazes de capturar a natureza implícita do fenómeno. No presente artigo, descrevemos os pressupostos e procedimentos experimentais dos quatro paradigmas que têm sido mais utilizados para investigar a ocorrência de IETs: (a) paradigma de recordação com pistas; (b) paradigma de re-aprendizagem; (c) paradigma do reconhecimento da palavra-teste; (d) paradigma dos falsos reconhecimentos. A importância destes paradigmas relaciona-se com a sua aplicabilidade ao estudo de processos inferenciais e de memória.
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