Psicologia Económica
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- Uma experiência de «token economy» num hospital psiquiátrico para doentes crónicosPublication . Gouveia, José Augusto Pinto; Keating, Maria do Livramento; Patto, Maria da Luz VazOs autores apresentam os resultados de um programa de token economy, aplicado a um hospital de doentes crónicos, com uma população de 130 doentes, dos quais 37 estão envolvidos no programa. Este número, constituído por 26 esquizofrénicos, 6 oligofrénicos, 2 acoólicos crónicos e 3 epilépticos, foi seleccionado tendo em conta os objectivos a que o programa se propunha, nomeadamente: aumento do tempo de ocupação no trabalho, higiene pessoal e aptidões de auto-suficiência. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que a T. E. é um método capaz de aumentar gradualmente a taxa de ocupação e de conseguir aptidões facilitadoras que preparam o doente para uma vida auto-suficiente. ------- ABSTRACT ------ The authors present the results of a programme of token economy, used with 37 patients of a hospital for chronic patients, with a total number of 130. The selected group was formed by 26 schizophrenics, 6 oligophrenics, 2 acoholics and 3 epileptic patients, chosen taking into account the main purposes of the prugramme: increasing the time spent in work, personal higienic habits and self-maintainance skills. The obtuined results showed that token economy is a method which is capable of increase the patient's rate of occupation and also the self-maintainance skills.
- George Katona (1901-1981): Precursor da psicologia económicaPublication . Raposo, Elsa SimõesInexistente
- Lost and found : The information-processing model of advertising effectivenessPublication . Scholten, MarcThe objective of this study is to formulate a general framework for advertising research. The article provides a brief review of the hierarchy-of-effects para&gm, Petty and Cacioppo's (1983) elaboration-likelihood model (ELM), and McGuire's (1978) information-processing model (IPM). It is argued that the usefulness of the ELM for advertising research derives from its heuristic rather than integrative merits. It is further argued that the IMP, if appropriately revised on a number of critical aspects, incorporates rival proposals in the hierarchy-of-effects paradwn as well as the ELM and provides a sufficiently general framework for research on advertising effectiveness.
- O senso do escalonamento multidimensionalPublication . Scholten, Marc; Caldeira, Pedro ZanyNeste artigo, tentámos familiarizar o leitor com as noções básicas da análise MDS, que foram estabelecidas entre o início dos anos 50 e o início dos anos 70. Ignorámos propositadamente todas as evoluções na área desde então. Mais, tal como anunciámos no início deste artigo, não fomos aos aspectos técnicos das análises apresentadas e não abordámos de todo análises mais avançadas. Contudo, o leitor terá atingido uma melhor compreensão do que o MDS faz e o que deve ser feito para que o MDS faça.
- Conflict-mediated choicePublication . Scholten, MarcResearch on behavioral decision making has demonstrated that preferences are affected by the set of options under consideration. Formal models offer an account of such choice-set effects on the basis of principles according to which the similarity of the options in the choice set has an effect on choice probabilities. Behavioral formulations are Tversky’s (1972) elimination- by-aspects (EBA) model, based on the principle of sequential elimination, and Tversky and Simonson’s (1993) componential context (CC) model, based on the principle of pairwise comparisons subject to loss aversion. While these principles are assumed to determine choice behavior, the conflict induced by the set of options under consideration is assumed to be merely a source of indeterminacy in choice behavior. This paper challenges past models by offering a behavioral account of choice-set effects according to which the effect of similarity on choice probabilities is mediated by conflict. A conflict-mediated choice (CMC) model is developed, its testable implications are derived, and its predictions are contrasted with those of the EBA model and the CC model. Specifically, it is described how, according to each of the three models, choice probabilities are affected by the similarity of the options in the choice set and how choice-set effects are moderated by the relative weight of the attributes along which the options are positioned. In two experimental studies, the CMC model offers an accurate account of observed choice-set effects and outperforms the alternative models.
- Discounting by intervals: A generalized model of intertemporal choicePublication . Scholten, Marc; Read, DanielAccording to most models of intertemporal choice, an agent’s discount rate is a function of how far the outcomes are removed from the present, and nothing else. This view has been challenged by recent studies, which show that discount rates tend to be higher the closer the outcomes are to one another (subadditive discounting) and that this can give rise to intransitive intertemporal choice. We develop and test a generalized model of intertemporal choice, the Discounting By Intervals (DBI) model, according to which the discount rate is a function of both how far outcomes are removed from the present and how far the outcomes are removed from one another. The model addresses past challenges to other models, most of which it includes as special cases, as well as the new challenges presented in this paper: Our studies show that when the interval between outcomes is very short, discount rate tends to increase with interval length (superadditive discounting). In the discussion we place our model and evidence in a broader theoretical context.
- Festinger revisitado: Sacrifício e argumentação como fontes de conflito na tomada de decisãoPublication . Rosa, Inês Ferreira de Oliveira Valente; Scholten, Marc; Carrilho, Joana PaixãoÉ consensual na literatura que o nível de conflito sentido numa tomada de decisão influencia o modo como nós escolhemos e que este grau de conflito depende do tamanho de troca entre os atributos das opções do conjunto de escolha. Modelos tradicionais defendem que o conflito aumenta com o tamanho de troca, uma vez que são maiores as vantagens que temos de abdicar ao escolher uma opção em detrimento de outra (sacrifícios). No entanto, uma outra perspectiva é que o conflito depende dos argumentos à nossa disposição para escolher uma das opções: quanto menor for o tamanho de troca, mais fracos os argumentos e consequentemente maior o nível de conflito sentido na tomada da decisão. O presente artigo demonstra como um modelo unificado de formação do conflito na tomada de decisão, o modelo de dupla mediação, concilia as diferentes perspectivas de forma integradora. A relação entre tamanho de troca e conflito é mediada pelos sacrifícios e pelos argumentos (em direcções opostas) e moderada por diversos factores, entre os quais a importância relativa dos atributos e a necessidade de justificar a escolha a outros.
- Beyond discounting : The tradeoff model of intertemporal choicePublication . Scholten, Marc; Read, DanielResearch on intertemporal judgments and choices between a smaller-sooner and a larger-later outcome has revealed many anomalies to the discounted-utility model. Attempts to account for these anomalies within the discounting paradigm have resulted in convoluted and psychologically opaque models. We therefore develop a new model of intertemporal choice, the tradeoff model, in which choice results from a tradeoff between the perceived time difference (interval) and the perceived outcome difference (compensation). This model is both more parsimonious and more intuitive than any rival discounting model of comparable scope. Moreover, it accurately describes archival data as well as data from a new experiment.
- Tradeoffs and theory: The double-mediation modelPublication . Scholten, Marc; Sherman, Steven J.Most theories of decision making suggest that, when options imply tradeoffs between their attributes, conflict increases as tradeoff size increases, because greater sacrifices are to be incurred in choosing one option instead of another. An alternative view is that conflict decreases as tradeoff size increases, because stronger arguments can be made for any decision. The authors propose a unified model, the double-mediation model, which combines the mediating effects of sacrifice and argumentation. Our model generally predicts an inverse U-shaped relation between tradeoff size and conflict. Results support this prediction. Also, when the decision situation increases the mediating effect of sacrifice relative to that of argumentation, the relation between tradeoff size and conflict changes in an upward direction; conversely, when the decision situation increases the mediating effect of argumentation relative to that of sacrifice, the relation changes in a downward direction. Results support these predictions as well. Commonalities and differences between our model and other formulations are discussed.
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