Browsing by Author "Silva, Rita Rocha da"
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- Acordo inter-juízes: O caso do coeficiente kappaPublication . Fonseca, Ricardo Jorge Rodrigues Moita da; Silva, Pedro José dos Santos Ponte da; Silva, Rita Rocha daSempre que é preciso classificar um conjunto de dados num dado número de categorias, vários tipos de enviesamentos podem ocorrer. Com vista à sua minimização é frequente o recurso a mais do que um juiz para categorizar os mesmos dados, analisando-se posteriormente o seu grau de acordo e consequentemente a fiabilidade da classificação. Entre os vários índices de acordo inter-juízes mencionados na literatura, o coeficiente kappa (Cohen, 1960) é referido como o mais frequentemente utilizado quando as variáveis em estudo são nominais. Neste artigo, procuramos descrever este coeficiente, apresentando a sua definição, pressupostos, fórmula, e ilustrando os passos para o seu cálculo. Exploramos também o seu desenvolvimento para kappa ponderado (Cohen, 1968). Por fim, algumas críticas feitas a este coeficiente de acordo inter- -juízes são sumariamente discutidas. ------ ABSRTACT ------ Whenever one needs to classify a set of data in a given number of categories, several types of biases can occur. In order to minimize them, it’s frequent to recourse to more than one judge to categorize the same data, analyzing afterwards the degree of their agreement and consequently the reliability of the classification. Among the several interrater agreement indexes mentioned in the literature, kappa coefficient (Cohen, 1960) is referred as the most frequently used when variables in study are nominal. In this article, we attempt to describe this coefficient, presenting its definition, assumptions, formula, and illustrating the steps to its calculi. We also explore its development to weighted kappa (Cohen, 1968). Finally, some critiques made to this interrater agreement coefficient are briefly discussed.
- Asking simultaneously about truth and familiarity may disrupt truth effectsPublication . Garcia-Marques, Teresa; Silva, Rita Rocha da; Mello, Joana José deAbstract: Tell me something that sounds familiar and I will believe it to be true. This is a statement that we should believe because it summarizes a well-documented and empirically supported effect: the illusion of truth effect (see Dechêne, Stahl, Hansen, & Wänke, 2010 for a review). The fact is we are more likely to believe in a statement if we have been previously exposed to it (e.g., Bacon, 1979; Hasher, Goldstein, & Toppino, 1977). Repetition increases truth-value, generating the illusion that repeated statements are more valid than information we never heard or read before. A general assumption of the explanations of the truth effect is that the subjective experience of processing a familiar statement is interpreted as informing about the validity of the statement (see Dechêne et al., 2010). This implies that a process of misattribution underlies repetition’s effect on judgments of truth (e.g., Bornstein & D’Agostino, 1994; Mandler, Nakamura, & Van Zandt, 1987; Schwarz & Clore, 1983). In this paper we present an experiment that tests such misattribution process by making more or less explicit the real source of the feeling of familiarity with the statements. In this way we test whether illusions of truth decrease when it is clear (vs. unclear) that familiarity is due to previous exposure.
- De triunfante a terrível: Avaliação de valência e familiaridade de adjectivos em língua portuguesaPublication . Prada, Marília; Silva, Rita Rocha daApresentam-se, neste artigo, normas de valência e familiaridade subjectivas de 400 adjectivos em Língua portuguesa avaliados por uma amostra total de 173 estudantes universitários. Especificamente, cada adjectivo foi avaliado em ambas as dimensões em escalas de 7 pontos ancoradas em Negativo/Positivo e Nada Familiar/Muito Familiar, por uma subamostra constituída por um número máximo de 22 participantes. Tais avaliações (i.e., médias, desviospadrão e intervalos de confiança a 95%) são aqui apresentadas com o objectivo de contribuir para o enriquecimento das normas de palavras em português. ------ ABSTRACT ------ In this study, we present subjective valence and familiarity norms for a set of 400 Portuguese adjectives evaluated by a sample of 173 college students. Specifically, each adjective was assessed in both dimensions on 7 points scales, Negative/Positive and Not at all Familiar/Very Familiar, by a subsample that included up to 22 participants. Such evaluations are presented here (i.e., means, standarddeviations and confidence intervals at the 95% level) in order to contribute to the enrichment of word norms in Portuguese.
- Hearing a statement now and believing the opposite laterPublication . Garcia-Marques, Teresa; Silva, Rita Rocha da; Reber, Rolf; Unkelbach, ChristianExisting findings on the truth effect could be explained by recollection of the statements presented in the exposure phase. In order to examine a pure fluency account of this effect,we tested a unique prediction that could not be derived from recollection of a statement. In one experiment, participants judged the truth of a statement that had the same surface appearance as a statement presented earlier but contradicted it, for example “crocodiles sleep with their eyes open” one week after having heard “crocodiles sleep with their eyes closed”.We predicted and found that participants judged contradictory statements as being more false than new statements after a delay of only a fewminutes, but judged them as more likely to be true after oneweek. In contrast to earlier findings, this result cannot be explained by accounts relying on recollection of the previously presented statements.
- Judging the truth-value of a statement in and out of a deep processing contextPublication . Garcia-Marques, Teresa; Silva, Rita Rocha da; Mello, Joana José deIndividuals judge fluently processed statements truer than disfluent statements, which reflects an illusion of truth. A dual-processing approach to the truth effect suggests that cognitive resources and motivation for accuracy should moderate this effect. However, previous research has only manipulated participants’ capacity during the encoding of the statements. We directly test an account of the truth effect based on processing features of System 1, manipulating both capacity and motivation at the time of the truth judgments. Fluency was manipulated either through repetition (Experiment 1) or perceptual contrast (Experiment 2). Congruent with dualistic assumptions, the evaluations of participants in the high-capacity and high-motivation conditions differed from those of participants in the other three conditions. However, the pattern of the truth effect in that specific condition was not the same in both experiments: in Experiment 1, the illusion of truth was only reduced, whereas the effect was completely reversed in Experiment 2.
- Lisbon Symbol Database - LSD : Subjective norms for 600 symbolsPublication . Prada, Marília; Rodrigues, David; Silva, Rita Rocha da; Garrido, Margarida VazThis article presents subjective rating norms for a new set of 600 symbols, depicting various contents (e.g., transportation, technology, and leisure activities) that can be used by researchers in different fields. Symbols were evaluated for aesthetic appeal, familiarity, visual complexity, concreteness, valence, arousal, and meaningfulness. The normative data were obtained from 388 participants, and no gender differences were found. Descriptive results (means, standard deviations, and confidence intervals) for each symbol in each dimension are presented. Overall, the dimensions were highly correlated. Additionally, participants were asked to briefly describe the meaning of each symbol. The results indicate that the present symbol set is varied, allowing for the selection of exemplars with different levels on the seven examined dimensions. This set of symbols constitutes a tool with potential for research in different areas. The database with all of the symbols is available as supplemental materials.
- Network Structure Predicts Changes in Perception Accuracy of Social RelationshipsPublication . Daniel, João Rodrigo; Silva, Rita Rocha da; Santos, Antonio JoséThe goal of this study was to test how changes in perception accuracy of affiliative networks (i.e., the ability to accurately identify who affiliates with whom) are related to an important structural feature of peer groups- the likelihood of children to affiliate with mutual partners (transitivity). Data from three longitudinal samples (two from elementary school children and one from young adolescents; N = 257, 618 observations) show that children and adolescents in classrooms with a higher proportion of transitive relationships are better at perceiving who affiliates with whom, and that increases in transitivity associate with increases in perception accuracy. This is the first study to show that structural features of peer groups relate with individual perceptions of affiliative relationships, providing further evidence that these features have an important role in promoting individual adaptation and supporting previous suggestions that classroom-variables play a role in fostering accurate perceptions of social relationships.
- Paradigma associado ao estudo da ilusão de verdadePublication . Silva, Rita Rocha da; Figueira, Pedro; Garcia-Marques, TeresaNeste artigo apresentamos o paradigma subjacente ao efeito de ilusão de verdade – o fenómeno que demonstra que afirmações familiares são julgadas como mais verdadeiras do que afirmações novas. O paradigma base é aqui descrito em detalhe, sendo também descritas as principais variáveis moderadoras do efeito e as principais teorias que tentam explicá-lo.
- Perception accuracy of affiliative relationships in elementary school children and young adolescentsPublication . Daniel, João Rodrigo; Silva, Rita Rocha da; Santos, António José; Cardoso, Jordana Pinto; Coelho, Leandra Marques; Freitas, Miguel da Costa Nunes de; Ribeiro, OlíviaThere has been a rapid growth of studies focused on selection and socialization processes of peer groups, mostly due to the development of stochastic actor-based models to analyze longitudinal social network data. One of the core assumptions of these models is that individuals have an accurate knowledge of the dyadic relationships within their network (i.e., who is and is not connected to whom). Recent cross-sectional findings suggest that elementary school children are very inaccurate in perceiving their classmates' dyadic relationships. These findings question the validity of stochastic actor-based models to study the developmental dynamics of children and carry implications for future research as well as for the interpretation of past findings. The goal of the present study was thus to further explore the adequacy of the accuracy assumption, analysing data from three longitudinal samples of different age groups (elementary school children and adolescents). Our results support the validity of stochastic actor-based models to study the network of adolescents and suggest that the violation of the accuracy assumption for elementary school children is not as severe as previously thought.
- Qual é coisa, qual é ela? Avaliação de valência e familiaridade de imagens de objectos desconhecidosPublication . Prada, Marília; Silva, Rita Rocha daNeste artigo apresentamos as normas de valência e familiaridade subjectivas de 100 imagens de objectos não-familiares1 avaliados por uma amostra total de 78 estudantes universitários. Especificamente, cada imagem foi avaliada em ambas as dimensões em escalas de 9 pontos ancoradas em Negativo/Positivo e Nada Familiar/Muito Familiar, por uma sub-amostra constituída por 39 participantes. Tais avaliações (i.e., médias, desvios-padrão, intervalos de confiança a 95% e correlação entre ambas as dimensões) são aqui apresentadas com o objectivo de contribuir para o enriquecimento das normas de estímulos pictóricos não-familiares. De um modo geral, o conjunto de imagens pré-testado foi avaliado simultaneamente como não-familiar e de valência negativa.