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- Modern Families: Parenting desire, intention, and experience among portuguese lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals.Publication . Costa, Pedro Alexandre; Bidell, MarkusThe aim of this study was to examine parenting desire, intention, and experience among a sample of lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals (N = 568) from Portugal between the ages of 18 and 76 years. Approximately 7% (n = 38) reported having children, with the majority stating a biological kinship with their children primarily from previous heterosexual relationships. The central focus of the current study includes participants without children (n = 530), on average 12 years younger than those with children. Among this group, 65% stated a desire to have children and 56% stated the intention to have children in the future. A multiple regression revealed that young age, involvement in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender events, and low religiosity significantly predicted parenting intention. To further explore the effects of age on parenting intention, an analysis of variance was conducted. Younger participants reported significantly stronger parenting intention, and these differences were detected between each age/developmental group.
- Family Sense of Coherence Scale: A Confirmatory factor Analysis in a Portuguese SamplePublication . Carneiro, Francis Anne Teplitzky; Salvador, Vanessa F.; Costa, Pedro Alexandre; Leal, I.Background: Family sense of coherence (FSOC) can be defined as the cognitive map of a family that enables the family to deal with stress during their lifetime. FSOC is the degree to which a family perceives family life as comprehensible, manageable, and meaningful. To the best of our knowledge, few studies have used this scale, and very few have evaluated FSOC Scale psychometric properties. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the original FSOC Scale in a sample of Portuguese caregivers of children aged between 10 and 15 years. Methods: A total of 329 caregivers completed a sociodemographic questionnaire and the FSOC Scale. Analyses were performed to evaluate the factor structure of the FSOC Scale with 26 items as well as composite reliability, internal consistency, convergentrelated validity, and discriminant-related validity of the scale scores. Results: The findings supported a three-factor solution for a 13-item version that maintains the original FSOC Scale structure. The three FSOC dimensions presented a good fit to the data. Cronbach’s alpha, composite reliability, and convergent-related validity were considered very good for the FSOC Scale (α = 0.956; CR = 0.974; AVE = 0.689). No evidence of discriminant-related validity was found for the dimensions of FSOC. Conclusion: The findings support the use of the Portuguese FSOC Scale for research and clinical purposes with Portuguese caregivers. Future research is necessary to further develop a European Portuguese version of the FSOC Scale. Implications: This study provides a psychometric evaluation of FSOC Scale characteristics in a Portuguese sample. The results are helpful for clinicians and family therapists who work with families since it could help them to assess the resources of families and their ability to cope with adversity and enhance their strengths.
- A life course approach on older portuguese gay and bisexual people: The multifactorial development of sexual identityPublication . Ribeiro-Gonçalves, José Alberto; Pereira, Maria Gouveia; Carvalho, R. G.; Costa, Pedro Alexandre; Leal, I.Research shows that successful development of sexual identity is essential for healthy and well-adjusted ageing. Gay and bisexual (GB) older people have experienced cumulative events throughout their lives that may have affected the development of their identity. In addition, the few previous studies show an alarming lack of community connectedness among older GB people in Portugal. This study assessed the factors that have contributed to the development of sexual identity in Portuguese GB older adults throughout their lives, using an inductive qualitative cross-sectional approach based on Life Course Theory. Twenty-two semi-structured interviews were carried out with older (60+ years) GB people living in the community and using the lifeline technique. The interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis with a codebook approach. Results suggest a multifactorial contribution of factors throughout the life cycle that have affected the development of GB older people’s sexual identity. These include historical–cultural factors (e.g., sexual repression and traditionalism of the dictatorship), psychosocial factors (e.g., cumulative sexual stigma), relational factors (e.g., relational clandestinity) and intrapersonal factors (e.g., concealment of sexual orientation). The existence of the Internalized Sexual Minority Disconnectedness phenomenon and its contribution to the formation of the sexual identity of older GB adults were also verified. These results reveal important clues about the development of older GB people in Portugal and the factors that may be affecting the current invisibility of these people in the social and health-related context. Relevant implications for the clinical context are also discussed.
- Religious and political conservatism and beliefs about same-sex parenting in PortugalPublication . Costa, Pedro Alexandre; Caldeira, Sara Cláudia Pombo; Fernandes, Inês; Rita, Cláudia; Pereira, Henrique Marques; Leal, Isabel PereiraAim: During the last decade, there have been political changes regarding the rights of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) individuals in Portugal, such as the right to marry. However, parenting by same-sex couples is not legally allowed. The purpose of this study was to assess Portuguese heterosexuals’ beliefs about same-sex parenting, and the role of religious and political conservatism in shaping these beliefs. Method: A total of 993 participants, aged between 18 and 69 years (M = 34; SD = 11), responded to one of three questionnaires that included a case vignette depicting a different-sex, a female same-sex, or a male same-sex couple wishing to adopt a child. Participants were then asked to evaluate whether the couple would be suitable to adopt a child, and whether they anticipated any social and emotional problems with the child. Results: Participants consistently anticipated more children’s social and emotional problems if they were adopted by a same-sex couple. Men evaluated same-sex couples less favourably than women, and even less so the male same-sex couple. Conclusion: It was found that both religious conservatism and right-wing political leaning were associated with more sexual prejudicial beliefs regarding same-sex couples.
- Adaptação e desenvolvimento de um inventário de comportamentos parentaisPublication . Costa, Pedro Alexandre; Pereira, Henrique Marques; Leal, Isabel PereiraObjetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi desenvolver uma versão Portuguesa de um Inventário de Comportamentos Parentais. Este inventário pretende avaliar a frequência de diferentes práticas e comportamentos parentais, classificados em duas dimensões de Parentalidade Positiva e Parentalidade Opressiva. Método: Os participantes (253 mães e 92 pais) responderam um questionário online em que constava este inventário, uma escala de ansiedade depressão e stress, e um questionário sobre problemas de saúde e de saúde mental no agregado. Resultados: A análise fatorial confirmatória do inventário revelou evidência de um modelo sólido de nove dimensões de comportamentos, assim como de um modelo de segunda ordem consistindo nas dimensões positiva e opressiva de parentalidade. Foram encontradas associações positivas entre a adoção de comportamentos educativos opressivos ou ineficazes com problemas de saúde e de saúde mental, e negativas entre a existência de problemáticas e comportamentos parentais de reforço positivo e autonomia. Foi também observado que os pais, em comparação com as mães, tendem a usar mais disciplina e disciplina inconsistente quando têm filhos de ambos os sexos. Conclusão: Tendo em conta a falta de instrumentos de práticas parentais em Portugal, este pode ser um importante inventário para avaliar a relação entre os comportamentos parentais e os problemas de comportamento infantil. ------ ABSTRACT ------ Aim: The purpose of the present study was to develop a Portuguese version of a Parenting Behaviour Inventory. This inventory aims to evaluate the frequency of different parenting practices and behaviours, classified into two dimensions of Positive Parenting and Oppressive Parenting. Method: Participants (253 mothers and 92 fathers) responded to an online questionnaire which consisted of this inventory, a scale of depression stress and anxiety, and a questionnaire of health and mental health related problems in the household. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis of the inventory revealed evidence of a solid model of nine behavioural dimensions, as well as of a second-order model consisting of a positive and an oppressive parenting dimension. Significant positive associations were found between the adoption of ineffective or oppressive childrearing behaviours with health and mental health problems; and negative associations between these problems and positive childrearing behaviours. It was also found that fathers tended to use more disciplinary and inconsistent disciplinary behaviours when they had children of both genders. Conclusion: Considering the lack of instruments to evaluate parenting practices in Portugal, this can be an important measure to assess the relationship between parenting behaviours and child behaviour problems.
- Psychometric properties of the parent’s versions of the SDQ and the PANAS-X in a community sample of Portuguese parentsPublication . Costa, Pedro Alexandre; Tasker, Fiona; Ramos, Catarina; Leal, Isabel Maria PereiraThis study examined the psychometric properties of the parent's versions of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-Extended Form (PANAS-X) in a community sample of Portuguese parents. A total of 1100 SDQ and PANAS-X were collected from an online sample of 761 parents, whose ages ranged from 23 to 65 years (M = 42, SD = 5). Confirmatory factor analyses provided evidence of the internal factor structure of both the SDQ and the PANAS-X and invariance of the factor structure across age and gender groups, with the exception of the SDQ, which failed to provide evidence of invariance between genders. Internal reliability and discriminant validity were confirmed for both measures, although convergent validity was only confirmed for the PANAS-X. Concurrent validity was also confirmed by comparing the results from the SDQ dimensions and the PANAS-X broad dimensions subscales.
- Sexuality: Heterosexuals’ attitudes toward same-sex parenting: The case of PortugalPublication . Costa, Pedro Alexandre; Rita, Claudia; Fernandes, Inês; Caldeira, Sara Cláudia Pombo; Pereira, Henrique Marques; Leal, Isabel PereiraInexistente
- Andropause representations: A mixed-methods study with portuguese womenPublication . Pimenta, Filipa; Meireles Ramos, Maria; Silva, Carolina; Costa, Pedro Alexandre; Queiroz-Garcia, Inês; Maroco, J. P.; Leal, I.Uma vez que os fatores psicossociais têm algum impacto sobre a andropausa, e esse fenómeno pode afetar as relações conjugais (e as mulheres tendem a procurar informação sobre saúde), torna-se importante estudar as representações da andropausa empregando o Modelo de Senso Comum – um modelo usado para entender as representações de menopausa. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as representações de mulheres portuguesas sobre a andropausa, a adequação do modelo de senso comum para explicar essas representações e explorar as diferenças entre participantes com diferentes características (e.g., nível de escolaridade), em relação às representações da andropausa. Trinta mulheres foram entrevistas e posteriormente as entrevistas foram analisadas através da análise de conteúdo qualitativa dirigida. Uma análise de correspondência múltipla explorou a associação entre as categorias emergentes. Os testes U de Mann-Whitney foram realizados para testar as diferenças em relação à frequência das categorias emergentes. A Identidade indefinida foi a característica mais citada em relação à Identidade, enquanto que a Função Sexual foi a Consequência Negativa mais mencionada; poucas Consequências Positivas foram mencionadas, sendo a Ausência de consequências positivas e a Falta de informação as mais frequentes. Foram encontrados dois modelos bidimensionais – um para a Identidade da Andropausa: (1) Mudanças relacionadas com o envelhecimento e (2) Mudanças sexuais/Falta de informação; a outra para Consequências Negativas: (1) Sintomas/Problemas de saúde e (2) Depressão/Falta de informação. Não foram encontradas diferenças na frequência das representações da andropausa entre mulheres com características diferentes (e.g., com um relacionamento romântico vs. sem um relacionamento romântico). A adequação do Modelo de Senso Comum para explicar as representações da andropausa dessas mulheres não diferiu entre os participantes com características distintas. Esta investigação pode ajudar os profissionais de saúde a desenvolverem intervenções mais compreensivas (com base neste modelo teórico), a fim de ajudar os casais a compreender e lidar melhor com a andropausa.
- The effectiveness of a group intervention to facilitate posttraumatic growth among women with breast cancerPublication . Ramos, Catarina; Costa, Pedro Alexandre; Rudnicki, Tânia; Maroco, Ana Lúcia; Leal, Isabel; Guimarães, Raquel; Fougo, JL; Tedeschi, Richard G.Objective: This longitudinal study tested the effectiveness of a group intervention designed to facilitate posttraumatic growth (PTG). Methods: Sample consisted of 205 women diagnosed with non‐metastatic breast cancer who were either assigned to an intervention group (n = 58) or to a control group (n = 147). PTG, challenge to core beliefs, and rumination (intrusive and deliberate) were assessed at baseline (T1), at 6 months (T2), and at 12 months after baseline (T3). Results: Results from the Latent Growth Modeling suggested that participants from the intervention group have higher levels of PTG. The challenge to core beliefs and the intrusive rumination have a moderator role on PTG, since group intervention is also linked to the enhancement of both variables. Conclusions: Participation in the intervention group increase PTG. Challenge to core beliefs and intrusive rumination are improved by group intervention, which to a certain extent facilitate PTG.
- Modeling the impact of social discrimination on the physical and mental health of portuguese gay, lesbian and bisexual peoplePublication . Pereira, Henrique Marques; Costa, Pedro AlexandreBackground: Despite growing acceptance of same-sex sexuality in Portugal, identity development of lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) individuals is still restricted by negative societal attitudes, which maintain the experience of stigmatization and discrimination. The purpose of this study is to document the frequency of discriminatory events experienced by sexual minorities and their association with indicators of physical and mental health in Portugal. Methods: A total of 610 LGB participants completed an online survey (mean age = 34.48, SD = 11.54). Most participants were single and self-identified as gay (73.8%). The survey included five categories of survey items: demographic information, social support, physical health, mental health, and discrimination experiences. Results: Physical and mental health results revealed that bisexual people were more likely to report higher levels of psychological distress than gay men. Overall, between one-fifth and one-fourth of the participants in this sample frequently felt the need to hide their sexual orientation to prevent discrimination experiences across the different settings. Regarding actual discrimination experiences, close to 20% reported having suffered from verbal abuse, followed by close to 10% who suffered from written threats, harassment, and physical threats. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed to assess the effects of anticipated and actual discrimination on mental health. Possible confounding variables were added in the first block – age, sexual orientation, being in a relationship, body mass index, and HIV status. Anticipated and actual discrimination experiences were added in the second block. The first block of the analysis explained 6% of the overall variance, while the second block – discrimination experiences – explained an additional 17%. Conclusion: Portuguese culture and stigma/discrimination create discriminatory experiences which impact LGB people’s health. Unless policies are changed to allow for the acceptance of LGB people, they will continue to experience violence and discrimination as a result of homophobia.