MTI - Artigos em revistas internacionais
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- Reading a Scientific Paper for Psychology and the Social Sciences: A Critical GuidePublication . Cordeiro, Pedro; Ortuño, Vícitor E. C.; Paixão, Maria Paula; Maroco, JoãoAim: A critical review of a journal article is a comprehensive evaluation of the article content, formal structure and methodological approach. Success in this task requires students to develop analytic and reflexive skills as pre-requisites to identify key research question(s), relevant findings and main conclusions reached. Critical skills are also an important aspect of a student’s academic and future professional life, yet this has been a largely overlooked component of academic training. This paper aims to provide undergraduate students with a simple and straightforward set of guidelines for reading, analysing and interpreting research articles. Content, structure and common mistakes in research papers are addressed, along with the most relevant standards for review. Conclusion: With this reference guide we hope students will be able to more thoroughly analyse and critically discuss the strengths and weaknesses of a research article.
- Buy three but get only two: The smallest effect in a 2 × 2 ANOVA is always uninterpretablePublication . Garcia-Marques, Leonel; Garcia-Marques, Teresa; Brauer, MarkusLoftus (Memory & Cognition 6:312-319, 1978) distinguished between interpretable and uninterpretable interactions. Uninterpretable interactions are ambiguous, because they may be due to two additive main effects (no interaction) and a nonlinear relationship between the (latent) outcome variable and its indicator. Interpretable interactions can only be due to the presence of a true interactive effect in the outcome variable, regardless of the relationship that it establishes with its indicator. In the present article, we first show that same problem can arise when an unmeasured mediator has a nonlinear effect on the measured outcome variable. Then we integrate Loftus's arguments with a seemingly contradictory approach to interactions suggested by Rosnow and Rosenthal (Psychological Bulletin 105:143-146, 1989). We show that entire data patterns, not just interaction effects alone, produce interpretable or noninterpretable interactions. Next, we show that the same problem of interpretability can apply to main effects. Lastly, we give concrete advice on what researchers can do to generate data patterns that provide unambiguous evidence for hypothesized interactions.
- Metacognitive awareness inventory (MAI): Adaptação e validação da versão portuguesaPublication . Ribeiro, Rui Bártolo; Simões, Mário R.; Almeida, Leandro da SilvaO Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI) de Schraw e Dennison (1994) avalia duas dimensões metacognitivas de natureza geral nos adolescentes e adultos: o conhecimento da cognição, que inclui três subprocessos, e a regulação da cognição, que compreende cinco subprocessos. Neste estudo apresenta-se o processo de tradução e de adaptação do MAI à população portuguesa. A consistência interna nas dimensões conhecimento e regulação da cognição foi 0,82 e 0,90, respetivamente. Os resultados da Análise Fatorial Confirmatória sugerem um fator de segunda ordem com base na correlação dos resultados nas duas dimensões. A subescala conhecimento declarativo apresentou melhor validade relativa ao critério comparativamente com as demais subescalas. O MAI constitui-se um instrumento adaptado à realidade portuguesa, tanto para a avaliação da metacognição no global, como nas suas dimensões principais, permitindo apoiar a investigação relativa ao rendimento em processos de aprendizagem e formação na população adulta e de adolescentes.
- Construção e desenvolvimento de um questionário de interesses para a PsicologiaPublication . Rodrigues, Rosa Isabel; Ferreira, Aristides Isidoro; Ribeiro, Rui BártoloO presente trabalho visa construir um instrumento para avaliar os interesses vocacionais dos alunos da licenciatura em Psicologia. A ausência de instrumentos específicos para medir as várias áreas vocacionais levou ao desenvolvimento e elaboração desta escala, que integra 21 itens, decorrentes de uma pesquisa teórica. A amostra é constituída por 573 alunos das diversas licenciaturas em Psicologia, provenientes de nove instituições de ensino superior público e privado, sendo 433 do sexo feminino. Através da metodologia de análise de componentes principais extraíram-se três dimensões: Organizações, Educacional e Clínica, que no total explicam 62.51% da variância. Apesar da escala apresentar bons índices de consistência interna (valores entre .86 e .93), considera-se importante o desenvolvimento de novas investigações de forma a validar e confirmar os resultados obtidos.
- Comparação de modelos da teoria de resposta ao item (TRI) na validação de uma prova de dependência-independência de campoPublication . Vieira, Maria João; Ribeiro, Rui Bártolo; Almeida, Leandro da SilvaO presente estudo analisa itens de uma prova que avalia o construto dependência-independência de campo – Testes “Padrão” – à luz dos modelos de um, dois e três parâmetros da Teoria de Resposta ao Item (TRI). Utilizou-se uma amostra de 1.918 candidatos ao Curso de Pilotagem Aeronáutica da Academia da Força Aérea Portuguesa. Efetuou-se uma análise fatorial por informação completa com o intuito de verificar as pré-condições da TRI, a qual indicou a existência de dois fatores. Posteriormente, analisou-se cada um dos fatores à luz dos modelos unidimensionais da TRI, revelando-se que a divisão dos dois fatores está relacionada com a dificuldade dos itens, e que os itens mais fáceis são aqueles nos quais a figura-alvo não se encontra em nenhuma das figuras padrão. Concluiu-se que o Subteste 2 se revelou o mais indicado para avaliar o construto, e sugere-se que sejam acrescentados itens fáceis, para que o teste seja mais adequado a sujeitos com baixos níveis de aptidão. ----- ABSTRACT ------ This study analyzes the items of the test Patterns which assess the construct of field dependence-independence - Test. Data were analyzed in the light of one, two and three parameters of Item Response Theory (IRT). We used a sample of 1918 candidates for the instruction at the Portuguese Air Force Pilot Academy. We conducted a full information factor analysis in order to verify the preconditions of IRT that indicated the existence of two factors. Then we examined each factor in light of unidimensional IRT models that revealed that the division of the two factors is related to the item difficulty and that the easiest items are those in which the target figure is not in any of the standard figures. It was concluded that the subtest 2 proved to be the most suitable for assessing the construct, and it is suggested the addition of easier items so that the test is more suitable for individuals with low ability levels.
- Statistical power of goodness-of-fit tests based on the empirical distribution function for type-I right-censored dataPublication . Bispo, Regina; Marques, Tiago A.; Pestana, DinisIn this study, the power of common goodness-of-fit (GoF) statistics based on the empirical distribution function (EDF) was simulated for single type-I right-censored data. The statistical power of the Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Cramér–von Mises and Anderson–Darling statistics was investigated by varying the null and the alternative distributions, the sample size, the degree of censoring and the significance level. The exponential,Weibull, log-logistic and log-normal lifetime distributions were considered as they are among the most frequently distributions used when modelling censored data. We conclude by giving some general recommendations for testing the distributional assumption of parametric survival models in homogeneous populations when using EDF-based GoF statistics.
- Effects of starvation on swimming performance and body condition of pre-settlement Sparus aurata larvaePublication . Faria, Ana Margarida; Chícharo, Maria Alexandra; Gonçalves, Emanuel JoãoBody condition in larval fishes is an important determinant of survival in the natural environment. However, few studies correlate body condition with behavioural traits critical for survival, such as swimming performance. In the present study, we compared normally fed larvae of gilthead seabream Sparus aurata Linnaeus, 1758, at various intervals post-hatch with larvae which were starved for 1 to 3 d (for Ucrit) or 2 d (for swimming endurance). Feeding treatment (fed and or unfed) had no effect on the relationship between Ucrit and larval size. However, in the endurance experiment, fed individuals swam twice as far as unfed larvae (19.7 km for fed larvae and 9.5 km for unfed larvae). The RNA/DNA ratio was higher in fed larvae in the Ucrit experiment, but significant effects were only detectable after a 3 d period of starvation. Fulton’s condition factor was significantly higher in fed larvae in the endurance trial, which suggests that growth (in weight) of starved larvae was affected by long-term swimming. Taken together, these results suggest that foraging and orientation behaviours (activities in which critical speeds might be involved) are not affected by reduced feeding over a few days, but that sub-lethal effects of starvation may affect dispersal potential (for which endurance swimming is critical) and therefore compromise subsequent recruitment to the adult population.