PLEG - Artigos em revistas internacionais
Permanent URI for this collection
Browse
Recent Submissions
- Crime Stereotypicality and Severity Database (CriSSD): Subjective norms for 63 crimesPublication . Freitas, Gonçalo; Miranda, Mariana P.; Costa-Lopes, RuiThe existence of crime-related racial stereotypes has been well documented. People tend to associate certain groups with specifc crimes, which, in turn, impacts criminal-sentencing decisions through the perceptions of crime severity. This evidence calls for regular updating of rating norms combining these variables. With this objective, and given that most of the normative studies provide norms for a small number of crimes and/or with an insufcient number of participants, a new norming study was conducted. Furthermore, norms from European countries are absent, and the existing ones (mostly with USA-based populations) do not simultaneously examine crime stereotypicality and crime severity. The Crime Stereotypicality and Severity Database (CriSSD) presents normative ratings for a set of 63 crimes on three dimensions: White stereotypicality, Black stereotypicality, and crime severity. The crimes were selected according to a comprehensive procedure. A total of 340 Portuguese participants (72.6% female; Mage=26.86, SD=7.65) answered an online survey. Each crime was evaluated by a range of 46–60 participants. Data allowed us to identify a crime typology with three clusters. We present descriptive data (means, standard deviations, and 95% confdence intervals) for each crime. Crime evaluations were associated with sociodemographic characteristics. Additionally, this study gives input regarding the understudied link between crime stereotypes and crime severity, showing that crime severity is predicted by ratings of both Black and White stereotypicality. The CriSSD (available at osf.io/gkbrm) provides a valuable resource for researchers in the feld of social psychology to conduct studies with controlled materials on potential disparities in criminal-sentencing decisions.
- Mentira na perícia psicológica: Avaliação da atitude Malinger numa amostra forensePublication . Gonçalves, Francisco Valente; Ferreira, Sara; Ângelo, Miguel; Faria, Leonardo FerreiraAquando necessário avaliar-se a atitude falsa, como por exemplo a mentira, numa perícia forense, os profissionais que realizam este tipo de trabalho têm limitados os recursos a que podem recorrer. Uma das razões prende-se com o diminuto investimento na investigação na área da avaliação da mentira. Ainda sobre este ponto, avaliar a mentira é uma tarefa extremamente complexa, sendo vários os olhares que um poderá ter para realizar tal ação. Uma possível forma de observar atitudes falsas é a análise da presença de atitudes malinger. No entanto as ferramentas de avaliação a nível psicométrico para esta área são também escassas e pouco elegantes a nível científico. Finalmente, e mais importante, observa-se uma falta de investigação onde as amostras são totalmente forenses. O presente trabalho apresenta uma descrição de uma amostra forense (n = 470) relativamente ao tipo de atitude malinger presente e às características sociodemográficas da mesma. Observam-se alguns pontos de interesse em alguns tipos de características sociais tais como o tipo de habilitação académica ou o tipo de profissão. O tipo de processo jurídico a que os sujeitos em avaliação estão afetos parece ser importante de considerar e finalmente observa-se uma correlação de cerca de 13% em que a inteligência dos sujeitos explica a sua atitude malinger. Mais estudos são necessários. Os dados apresentados neste trabalho são do interesse dos profissionais da especialidade, mas acima de tudo, são acreditados como um passo para se ter uma linha de comparação para investimento científico no futuro na presente área de avaliação forense.
- Assessment effectiveness for second language learners: predictors, reliability and discriminant profilesPublication . Figueiredo, Sandra; Martins, Margarida Alves; Silva, Carlos FernandesThe main concerns that enhance the empirical studies in assessment of second language learners is to identify the prevalence of second language deficits, the validity of a new test, and to determine specificities and predictors of speakers’ profiles, among other variables (age, home language formal instruction, exposure to second language, first years of schooling, nationality, parent’s profiles). Hypotheses: different language speakers will perform differently in specific tasks in portuguese language, so age, home language, and first language instruction would be main predictors? Strong discriminant achievements could be identified in percentiles 25 and 75? In this post-doctoral research the main goal is to assess new immigrant students from several Portuguese schools to determine cognitive and linguistic profiles. Through new diagnostic test in second language area will be analyzed distinct verbal behaviors and determined cut-offs. Additionally will be evaluated the difficulty and reliability of each task. Method: the instrument was developed with 15 tasks based on international assessment sources such Alberta, TOEFL, DELNA and WMLSR. There is no knowledge of other validated tools to test portuguese immigrant students. Approximately 110 individuals were assessed, with ages between 7 and 17 years old, speakers of romance, indo-aryan, afro-asiatic, slavic, and mandarin languages, and at this phase we are conducting inferential tests (SPSS) to measure profiles and reliability coefficients. The collection of sample is still ongoing. Findings: in one hand, this paper reports preliminary data gathered from a large-scale district study that is examining language proficiency and cognitive performance of immigrants in Portuguese schools. Different language speakers and age groups, with different amounts of instruction in home language, from basic and high schools, will be analyzed regarding lowest and highest performances in picture-naming (1) and semantic relations tasks (2), particularly focusing the vocabulary decoding skills. Findings demonstrate reliable tasks and different student’s profiles, being crucial over proficiency levels identification. In the other hand, prior findings in this area will be expected to be confirmed such as the influence of age and mother tongue. Part of our hypotheses will be rejected considering the youngest learner’s low scores and the creoles language speakers with deficits in specific vocabulary domain. Particular assumptions of literature in this area will be discussed regarding divergent data observed and new insights. Older learners, with instruction in first language, speakers of slavic, mandarin and romance languages presented more positive results and expected greater cognitive profile in second language specific traits. But, other variables should be considered with further examination and with the conclusion of the empirical study. Also implications of results and test feasibility will be discussed for general educational policies and assessment in second language field.
- Early adversity and adult delinquency: the mediational role of mental health in youth offendersPublication . Basto-Pereira, Miguel; Maia, AngelaThis research explores the mediational role of mental health in the relationship between early adverse experiences and current self-reported delinquency in young adults with past juvenile justice involvement. Seventy-five young adults with official records of juvenile delinquency in 2010/2011 filled out our protocol in 2014/2015 including the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) questionnaire, the Brief Symptom Inventory, and the D-CRIM questionnaire (evaluating delinquency). The global level of adverse experiences during childhood and adolescence was related to mental health problems and self-reported delinquency in young adulthood, while psychopathological symptoms were also related to current self-reported delinquency. The mental health indicator partially mediated the link between early adversity and current self-reported offending in individuals with past juvenile justice involvement. Our results are in line with previous psychological and neurobiological approaches and highlight the importance of mental health services in youth offender rehabilitation. Future directions for research are provided.
- A brief measure of narcissism among female juvenile delinquents and community youths: The narcissistic personality inventory–13Publication . Pechorro, Pedro Fernandes dos Santos; Maroco, João; Ray, James V.; Gonçalves, Rui Abrunhosa; Nunes, Maria Cristina de Oliveira SalgadoResearch on narcissism has a long tradition, but there is limited knowledge regarding its application among female youth, especially for forensic samples of incarcerated female youth. Drawing on 377 female adolescents (103 selected from forensic settings and 274 selected from school settings) from Portugal, the current study is the first to examine simultaneously the psychometric properties of a brief version of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI-13) among females drawn from incarcerated and community settings. The results support the three-factor structure model of narcissism after the removal of one item due to its low factor loading. Internal consistency, convergent validity, and discriminant validity showed promising results. In terms of criterion-related validity, significant associations were found with criterion-related variables such as age of criminal onset, conduct disorder, crime severity, violent crimes, and alcohol and drug use. The findings provide support for use of the NPI-13 among female juveniles.
- The womens' perpetrated murder experiencePublication . Cláudio, Rafael Alexandre da Silva Martinez; Rodrigues, Vitor AmorimThis research focuses on the experience of the perpetration of a murder in a population composed of four women. For this study, we used the qualitative research method of Amedeo Giorgi. We focused the study analysis in the cognitive processes, associated with the decision to commit the murder, and in the context in which this phenomenon emerges. The results are consistent with the perspective of murder as a multifactorial phenomenon. We have further found that the resolution of the homicide not always precedes the practice thereof.
- Occupational characteristics and burnout syndrome in brazilian correctional staffPublication . Oliveira, Raquel Lara Velez; Schneider, Valéria; Bonafé, Fernanda Salloumé Sampaio; Maroco, João; Campos, Juliana Alvares Duarte BoniniBackground: In the correctional context, occupational characteristics may contribute to the development of burnout. Objective: To compare the scores of Emotional Exhaustion (EE), Cynicism (CY) and Professional Efficacy (PE) of staff members according to occupational variables in two correctional facilities (CF1 and CF2). Methods: 339 Brazilian employees from two correctional facilities completed a socio-demographic/occupational questionnaire and the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS). The comparison between the scores obtained on each MBI-GS factor, according to variables of interest vs. correctional facilities, was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA-two way: p < 0.05). Results: Statistically significant differences were observed between the levels of EE, CY and PE between the correctional facilities (p < 0.001); staff from CF2 presented worse levels. Women (p = 0.014) and individuals with a 10-year tenure or higher (p = 0.041) presented higher levels of EE. Lower scores of professional efficacy were found in CF2 staff members with a 10-year tenure or higher (p = 0.018). The prison escort and surveillance agents presented mean values of EE (p = 0.030) and CY (p = 0.008) that were significantly lower than those of the correctional security officers. Conclusions: The scores of EE, CY and PE of the staff members suffered a significant influence from the correctional facility, gender, professional category and tenure.
- Psychometric properties of the Psychopathy Checklist : Youth version among portuguese juvenile delinquentsPublication . Pechorro, Pedro Fernandes dos Santos; Barroso, Ricardo; Maroco, João; Vieira, Rui Xavier; Gonçalves, Rui AbrunhosaThe main aim of the present study was to examine some psychometric properties of the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV) among Portuguese juvenile delinquents. With forensic sample of 192 incarcerated male participants, the Portuguese version of the PCL:YV demonstrated promising psychometric properties of the three-factor model of youth psychopathy, internal consistency, convergent validity, concurrent validity, and retrospective validity that generally justify its use among Portuguese youths. Statistically significant associations were found with age of criminal onset, frequency of crimes, number of victims, and use of physical violence.
- Validation of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits among a portuguese sample of detained juvenile offendersPublication . Pechorro, Pedro Fernandes dos Santos; Ray, James V.; Barroso, Ricardo; Maroco, João; Gonçalves, Rui AbrunhosaThe main aim of the present study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits (ICU) among a sample of incarcerated male Portuguese juvenile offenders (N = 221). Based on this sample, the Portuguese version of the ICU demonstrated promising psychometric properties, namely, in terms of factor structure, internal consistency, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and concurrent validity that generally justifies its use among this population. Statistically significant associations were found with conduct disorder, age of criminal onset, crime seriousness, physical violence use in committing crimes, alcohol use, cannabis use, and cocaine/heroin use.
- Recidivist criminal behaviour and executive functions: a comparative studyPublication . Seruca, Tânia Catarina Mira; Silva, Carlos Fernandes daThis study sought to analyse the relation between executive functions and criminal recidivism. We assessed a set of cognitive abilities associated with executive functioning in a group of recidivist offenders (n = 19), primary offenders (n = 25) and non-offenders (n = 30). Our results, tested with nonparametric statistics and Monte Carlo method, revealed that there were no executive differences between both groups of offenders but, when compared with non-offenders, the recidivists showed a worse performance in Trail Making Test part B, and the primary offenders presented a significant lower score on Porteus Maze Test Age score. This study suggests that there can be a different pattern of executive functioning deficits associated with the offenders’ criminal record: recidivism may be more related to mental flexibility impairments and primary offenders’ antisocial behaviour may be aggravated by planning deficits.