Browsing by Author "Oliveira, Manuel"
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- Dominance and competence face to face: Dissociations obtained with a reverse correlation approachPublication . Oliveira, Manuel; Garcia-Marques, Teresa; Dotsch, Ron; Garcia-Marques, LeonelThe article explores whether the traits representing the dimensions underlying the structure of facial and non-facial impressions are similarly mapped in the face space. Two studies examine whether the trustworthiness-bydominance and the warmth-by-competence two-dimensional models overlap in face perception. In Study 1 (N = 200), we used a reverse-correlation task to obtain classification images (CIs) reflecting how each dimension is mapped onto a face. Results show that the similarity between CIs was higher between warmth and trustworthiness than between competence and dominance. In Study 2 (N = 31) the evaluations of each CI on each social dimension show a higher dissociation between dominance and competence than between trustworthiness and warmth. These results, obtained at both perceptual and judgment levels, suggest that there is only a partial correspondence between the two models that seems to be driven by the relationship that the competence and dominance dimensions establish with valence
- Paradigma: Teste de associação implícitaPublication . Oliveira, Manuel; Miranda, Mariana PiresO paradigma do teste de associação implícita (Implicit Association Test ou IAT), proposto por Greenwald, McGhee e Schwartz (1998) como instrumento para estudar a força das relações associativas entre conceitos e representações cognitivas, tem sido utilizado como medida implícita de eleição para aceder aos mais variados constructos tais como atitudes, crenças ou estereótipos, em diversos contextos de investigação (e.g., clínica, organizacional, política) para além da cognição social. O presente artigo descreve em pormenor os aspectos metodológicos associados ao IAT, informando ainda sobre as variáveis que moderam os efeitos IAT e que devem ser consideradas no planeamento dos estudos. São apresentadas algumas das explicações teóricas para os mecanismos subjacentes ao efeito IAT que têm sido propostas na literatura, e ainda resumidas as principais críticas de que o IAT tem sido alvo.
- That person is now with or without a mask: how encoding context modulates identity recognitionPublication . Garcia-Marques, Teresa; Oliveira, Manuel; Nunes, LudmilaPrevious research has mostly approached face recognition and target identifcation by focusing on face perception mechanisms, but memory mechanisms also appear to play a role. Here, we examined how the presence of a mask interferes with the memory mechanisms involved in face recognition, focusing on the dynamic interplay between encoding and recognition processes. We approach two known memory efects: (a) matching study and test condi‑ tions efects (i.e., by presenting masked and/or unmasked faces) and (b) testing expectation efects (i.e., knowing in advance that a mask could be put on or taken of ). Across three experiments using a yes/no recognition paradigm, the presence of a mask was orthogonally manipulated at the study and the test phases. All data showed no evidence of matching efects. In Experiment 1, the presence of masks either at study or test impaired the correct identifca‑ tion of a target. But in Experiments 2 and 3, in which the presence of masks at study or test was manipulated within participants, only masks presented at test-only impaired face identifcation. In these conditions, test expectations led participants to use similar encoding strategies to process masked and unmasked faces. Across all studies, participants were more liberal (i.e., used a more lenient criterion) when identifying masked faces presented at the test. We discuss these results and propose that to better understand how people may identify a face wearing a mask, researchers should take into account that memory is an active process of discrimination, in which expectations regarding test conditions may induce an encoding strategy that enables overcoming perceptual defcits.
- The cultural stereotype of professional groups : consensus, accessibility and typicality of stereotypic contentsPublication . Santos, Ana Sofia; Almeida, Filipa de; Palma, Tomás A.; Oliveira, Manuel; Garcia-Marques, LeonelAbstract: The purpose of the present work was to measure the stereotypic content of several professional groups in a Portuguese sample, by determining the culturally shared stereotypic attributes, their accessibility and typicality. Study 1 used a spontaneous attribute-generation-task to collect the stereotypic content of 28 professional groups. The frequency of generation was used to measure consensus on the attributes generated. The order of generated attributes was used to determine their accessibility. To further explore the link between attributes and the professional group, a new sample (Study 2) rated how typical each attribute was of the professional group. We map out the usefulness of studying professional stereotype’s content.
- The effect of facial occlusion on facial impressions of trustworthiness and dominancePublication . Oliveira, Manuel; Garcia-Marques, TeresaRecognizing the role that facial appearance plays in guiding social interactions, here we investigated how occlusions of the bottom-face region affect facial impressions of trustworthiness and dominance. Previous studies suggesting that different facial features impact inferences on these traits sustain the hypothesis that wearing a face mask will differently affect each trait inference. And specifically, that trustworthiness impressions will be more disrupted by this type of face occlusion than dominance impressions. In two studies, we addressed this possibility by occluding the bottom face region of faces that were previously shown to convey different levels of dominance and trustworthiness, and tested differences in the ability to discriminate between these trait levels across occlusion conditions. In Study 1 faces were occluded by a mask, and in Study 2 by a square image. In both studies, results showed that although facial occlusions generally reduced participants’ confidence on their trait judgments, the ability to discriminate facial trustworthiness was more strongly affected than the ability to discriminate facial dominance. Practical and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.