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That person is now with or without a mask: how encoding context modulates identity recognition
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Abstract(s)
Previous research has mostly approached face recognition and target identifcation by focusing on face perception
mechanisms, but memory mechanisms also appear to play a role. Here, we examined how the presence of a mask
interferes with the memory mechanisms involved in face recognition, focusing on the dynamic interplay between
encoding and recognition processes. We approach two known memory efects: (a) matching study and test condi‑
tions efects (i.e., by presenting masked and/or unmasked faces) and (b) testing expectation efects (i.e., knowing in
advance that a mask could be put on or taken of ). Across three experiments using a yes/no recognition paradigm,
the presence of a mask was orthogonally manipulated at the study and the test phases. All data showed no evidence
of matching efects. In Experiment 1, the presence of masks either at study or test impaired the correct identifca‑
tion of a target. But in Experiments 2 and 3, in which the presence of masks at study or test was manipulated within
participants, only masks presented at test-only impaired face identifcation. In these conditions, test expectations led
participants to use similar encoding strategies to process masked and unmasked faces. Across all studies, participants
were more liberal (i.e., used a more lenient criterion) when identifying masked faces presented at the test. We discuss
these results and propose that to better understand how people may identify a face wearing a mask, researchers
should take into account that memory is an active process of discrimination, in which expectations regarding test
conditions may induce an encoding strategy that enables overcoming perceptual defcits.
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Citation
Garcia-Marques, T., Oliveira, M., & Nunes, L. (2022). That person is now with or without a mask: how encoding context modulates identity recognition. Cognitive Research: Principles & Implications, 7(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-022-00379-5
Publisher
Springer Verlag