Browsing by Author "Fernandes, Marília"
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- Análise do fenómeno de base segura em contexto familiar: As relações criança/mãe e criança/paiPublication . Monteiro, Lígia Maria Santos; Veríssimo, Manuela; Vaughn, Brian E.; Santos, António José; Fernandes, MaríliaO estudo analisa, no contexto da teoria de Bowlby e Ainsworth, o modo como a criança utiliza as figuras parentais como base segura, explorando a especificidade da organização destes comportamentos nas duas relações. Analisa, ainda, a existência de semelhanças ou diferenças nas classificações da criança em relação à mãe e ao pai. Os participantes são 56 díades mãe/criança e pai/criança, tendo as crianças idades compreendidas entre os 29 e os 38 meses. Observadores independentes realizaram visitas domiciliárias com a criança/mãe e com a criança/pai, utilizando o AQS (Waters, 1995). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os valores de segurança para a mãe e para o pai. Com base nas escalas do AQS, obtiveram- se diferenças significativas na Proximidade e no Contacto Físico. Assim, a criança utiliza ambos os pais como base segura, embora os estilos de interacção possam apresentar características específicas. Verificou-se, ainda, a existência de uma correlação significativa entre os valores de segurança da criança em relação à mãe e ao pai, o que vai ao encontro dos resultados obtidos por Veríssimo et al. (2006). Esta correlação poderá ser explicada pela semelhança nos cuidados parentais. ------ ABSTRACT ------- This paper high lights the importance of a family system approach to the study of attachment, in a naturalistic environment, by analysing the way the child uses both mother and father as a secure base, as well as, the concurrence or independence of this attachment relationships. 56 mother/child and father/child díades participated in the study. Children’s ages range between 29 and 38 months. Independent observers, made home observations of the child with the mother and the child with the father, using the AQS (Waters, 1995). No differences were found between mean averages for security scores for mothers and fathers, showing that the child is able to use both parents as secure-bases. Significant differences were found in the Proximity and Physical Contact scales between both parents, suggesting that mothers and fathers probably have different communicative styles. A significant correlation was found between security scores for mother and father, a result comparable to the one obtained by Veríssimo et al. (2006). This could be explained by the similarity on parental caregiving behaviour.
- Uma análise exploratória das relações entre as representações de vinculação do pai e o seu envolvimento em atividades práticas e lúdicasPublication . Monteiro, Lígia Maria Santos; Maia, Rita; Fernandes, Carla; Fernandes, Marília; Antunes, Marta; Verissimo, ManuelaResumo: Este estudo teve como principal objetivo explorar as relações entre as representações de vinculação (script de base segura) do pai, e o seu envolvimento em atividades práticas (relacionadas com a gestão e cuidados à criança) e em atividades com características lúdicas (brincadeira/lazer). Participaram 62 famílias nucleares, com crianças entre os 2 e os 5 anos, de estatuto socioeconómico médio e de duplo-rendimento. De modo a analisar os scripts de base segura utilizou-se as Narrativas de Representação da Vinculação em Adultos, aplicadas individualmente ao pai, tendo a mãe e o pai preenchido, de modo independente, um questionário sobre o envolvimento parental. Os resultados indicam que os pais possuem e acedem ao script de base segura em contextos onde este é elicitado; que participam mais nas atividades lúdicas, do que nas práticas; e que pais com valores mais elevados de script adulto/criança se encontram mais envolvidos nas atividades práticas, mesmo quando a idade da criança e as habilitações do pai são controladas.
- Análise fatorial confirmatória da versão portuguesa da escala preschool play behaviour scale para educadorasPublication . Monteiro, Lígia Maria Santos; Fernandes, Marília; Sousa, Tânia Lobo; Torres, Nuno; Rosado, António Fernando; Santos, António JoséA Preschool Play Behavior Scale é um instrumento constituído por 18 itens que expressam diferentes tipos de comportamentos das crianças, em contexto de brincadeira livre com os pares, procurando diferenciar, em particular, tipos de comportamentos não-sociais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo traduzir e analisar a estrutura fatorial do instrumento e as suas características psicométricas. Sessenta educadoras descreveram os comportamentos de 369 crianças (166 raparigas), com idades compreendidas entre os 36 e os 60 meses, e a frequentar escolas de Ensino Particular com fins lucrativos e Instituições Particulares de Solidariedade Social, do Distrito de Lisboa/Portugal. O modelo final de 4 fatores - Comportamento Reticente, Solitário-Passivo, Solitário-Ativo e Brincadeira Social parece ajustar-se adequadamente aos grupos de idade e sexo considerados.
- Attachment security representations in institutionalized children and children living with their families: Links to problem behaviourPublication . Torres, Nuno; Maia, Joana Branco; Veríssimo, Manuela; Fernandes, Marília; Silva, FilipaThe present work analyses differences in the attachment representations of institutionalized children as compared with children from low and high educational level living with their natural families. Participants were 91 Portuguese children, 52% girls, aged 48–96 months. There were three different groups: 19 institutionalized children, 16 low educational level families’ children and 56 from high educational level families’. Attachment representations were assessed for Security of the narratives of the Attachment Story Completion Task (ASCT). Psychopathological symptoms were assessed using the Child Behaviour Checklist for parents and caretakers. Verbal skills were assessed using the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence—Revised. Results show that institutionalized children have signifi cantly lower security of attachment representations, less verbal skills and higher aggressive behaviour than the other two groups. Attachment representations were associated with social/withdrawal and aggression, independently of age, verbal skills and parents’ education. The main effect of institutionalization on externalizing aggressive behaviour was completely mediated by the security of attachment representations.
- Attachment, feeling, and feeding: Associations between caregivers' attachment, emotional and feeding responsiveness, and Children's food consumptionPublication . Santos, Ana F.; Fernandes, Carla; Fernandes, Marília; Bost, Kelly K.; Veríssimo, ManuelaA substantial body of literature links attachment to childhood obesity. However, research on the mechanisms underlying this association is scarce. The present study aimed to test four serial indirect path models to examine whether caregivers’ insecure attachment is related to children’s food consumption, through its influence on emotional and feeding responsiveness. A total of 352 caregivers of preschool children reported on their attachment orientation, emotional responses to their children’s distress, feeding practices, and their children’s food consumption. Results showed that caregivers with higher levels of attachment avoidance and anxiety were more likely to use unsupportive emotional responses to children’s distress, which predicted the increased use of unresponsive feeding practices, and consequently children’s higher sugary and fatty/salty food consumption. Higher levels of attachment avoidance were also associated with children’s lower fruit and vegetable consumption through lower use of supportive emotional responses and responsive feeding practices, while higher levels of attachment anxiety were associated with children’s lower fruit and vegetable consumption only by lower use of responsive feeding practices. These findings suggest that the influence of insecure attachment on caregivers’ emotion regulation may contribute to the use of specific feeding practices that, in turn, affect children’s food intake and may have implications for obesity risk.
- Caregivers’ perceived emotional and feeding responsiveness toward preschool children: Associations and paths of influencePublication . Fernandes, Carla; Santos, Ana F.; Fernandes, Marília; Santos, António J.; Bost, Kelly; Verissimo, ManuelaAlthough there is a large body of research connecting emotion to eating behaviors, little is known about the role of caregivers’ responses to children’s emotions in the context of child feeding. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relation between caregivers’ emotional responsiveness and feeding responsiveness. The mothers of 137 children between 2 and 6 years of age reported on their responses to children’s negative emotions using the Coping with Children’s Negative Emotions Scale and on their feeding practices using the Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire. The results showed that mothers’ supportive emotion responses (e.g., problem-focused, emotion-focused, and expressive encouragement reactions) tend to be positively associated with responsive feeding practices (e.g., encouraging, modelling, and teaching healthy food-related behaviors). Instead, mothers’ unsupportive responses (e.g., distress, punitive and minimization reactions) tend to be positively associated with nonresponsive feeding practices (e.g., food as reward or to regulate emotions, and pressure to eat) and negatively associated with responsive feeding practices. Our results suggest that emotional and feeding responsiveness may be intertwined and that differences in parent’s emotional responsiveness may translate into differences in their feeding styles, setting the stage for parents’ use of positive vs. negative feeding practices.
- Co-evolution of friendships and antipathies: A longitudinal study of preschool peer groupsPublication . Daniel, João Rodrigo; Santos, António José; Antunes, Marta Justino Ferrúcio; Fernandes, Marília; Vaughn, Brian E.We used stochastic actor-based models to test whether the developmental dynamics of friendships and antipathies in preschool peer groups (followed throughout three school years) were co-dependent. We combined choices from three sociometric tasks of 142 children to identify friendship and antipathy ties and used SIENA to model network dynamics. Our results show that different social processes drive the development of friendship and antipathy ties, and that they do not develop in association (i.e., friendship ties are not dependent on existing antipathies, and vice-versa). These results differ from those of older children (age range = 10-14) suggesting that the interplay of friendship and antipathy only plays a significant role in the peer group context in older children. We propose these differences to be likely related with preschool age children's inaccurate perceptions of their classmates' relationships, particularly of their antipathies, and/or with the absence of shared norms to deal with antipathetic relationships.
- Comparison Between Actigraphy Records and Parental Reports of Child's SleepPublication . Perpétuo, Catarina; Fernandes, Marília; Verissimo, ManuelaGiven the impact of sleep in several domains of a child's development, the comparison between actigraphy and parental questionnaires is of great importance in preschool-aged children, an understudied group. While parental reports tend to overestimate sleep duration, actigraphy boosts the frequency of night-waking's. Our primary goal was to compare actigraphy data and parental reports (Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire, CSHQ), regarding bedtime, wake-up time, sleep duration, and wake after sleep onset (WASO), using the Bland-Altman technique. Forty-six children, age 3-6 years, and their parents participated. Results suggest that, despite existing associations between sleep schedule variables measured by both methods (from r = 0.57 regarding bedtime at weekends to r = 0.86 regarding wake-up time during the week, ps), differences between them were significant and agreements were weak, with parents overestimating bedtimes and wake-up times in relation to actigraphy. Differences between actigraphy and CSHQ were ± 52 min for weekly bedtime, ± 38 min for weekly wake-up time, ±159 min for total sleep time, and ± 62 min for WASO, indicating unsatisfactory agreement between methods. Correlations between actigraphy data and CSHQ dimensions are also explored. Our study contributes to the knowledge of the characteristics of each instrument, along with their tendency to overestimate and underestimate certain sleep parameters. We conclude that a complementary use of both instruments would better inform clinical practice and research on a child's sleep.
- A concordância entre o comportamento de base segura com a mãe nos primeiros anos de vida e os modelos internos dinâmicos no pré-escolarPublication . Silva, Filipa; Fernandes, Marília; Veríssimo, Manuela; Shin, Nana; Vaughn, Brian E.; Bost, Kelly K.Estuda-se, numa amostra que contempla dois países – Portugal e Estados Unidos da América –, a estabilidade da qualidade da vinculação, na relação mãe criança, analisando-se o comportamento de base segura na relação mãe-criança nos primeiros anos de vida e as representações mentais da criança acerca desta relação, no pré-escolar. Os participantes são 25 díades mãe-criança portuguesas e 47 díades mãe-criança americanas. Utiliza-se o Attachment Behaviour Q-Set (AQS) (Waters, 1995) para avaliar os comportamentos de base segura e, três anos mais tarde, aplica-se às crianças o Attachment Story Completion Task (ASCT) (Bretherton & Ridgeway, 1990) que avalia a qualidade e a segurança das representações internas da relação de vinculação. Os resultados mostram que, nesta amostra, há uma estabilidade da vinculação entre os 2-3 anos de idade e os 5-6 anos de idade. O valor de segurança do AQS está correlacionado positiva e significativamente com a dimensão de segurança do ASCT. Nesta amostra, os modelos internos dinâmicos parecem permanecer relativamente estáveis ao longo de um período significativo de tempo.
- Convergent and Discriminant Validities of SCBE-30 Questionnaire Using Correlated Trait–Correlated Method Minus OnePublication . Fernandes, Marília; Santos, Antonio José; Antunes, Marta; Fernandes, Carla; Monteiro, Lígia Maria Santos; Vaughn, Brian; Veríssimo, ManuelaCorrelated trait-correlated method minus one was used to evaluate convergent and discriminant validity of Social Competence Behavior Evaluation questionnaire (Social Competence, Anger-Aggression, Anxiety-Withdrawal) between multiple raters. A total of 369 children (173 boys and 196 girls; M age = 55.85, SD age = 11.54) were rated by their mothers, fathers, and teachers. Results showed more convergence between parents than parent-teacher ratings. Mother-teacher share a common view of child behavior that is not shared with father. Parents had more difficulty distinguishing internalizing and externalizing behaviors (especially fathers). Measurement invariance across child sex was explored, results imply that differences between boys and girls were not due to measure. Girls (compare to boys) were described as more social competent by their fathers and teachers, while boys as more aggressive by mothers and teachers.