Browsing by Author "Claypool, Heather M."
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- Fluency and attitudesPublication . Claypool, Heather M.; Mackie, Diane M.; Garcia-Marques, TeresaThe goal of this article is to review how, when, and why f luency, or processing ease, affects attitudes. The current article first defines f luency and then discusses its direct impact on attitudes, noting that f luency usually makes attitudes more positive and that it does so for a wide array of attitude objects. Mechanisms and moderators of these direct effects are also described. The article then summarizes how f luency can affect attitudes indirectly, through its impact on other judgments (like perceptions of confidence or truth) and on cognitive operations (like information processing). The article ends by highlighting a few areas where additional research is likely to reap impressive benefits.
- Is It Familiar or Positive? Mutual Facilitation of Response LatenciesPublication . Garcia-Marques, Teresa; Mackie, Diane M.; Claypool, Heather M.; Garcia-Marques, LeonelWe provide evidence for a previously unstudied consequence of the relationship that familiarity has with positive affect: Positive affect and familiarity exert a bi-directional impact on latencies to judgments about the other. Experiment 1 showed that this association caused predictable facilitation and inhibition patterns on both evaluative and recognition task response times in an implicit association paradigm. In Experiment 2 participants in a forced recognition task decided which of two symbols (one primed with a subliminal happy face and the other with a subliminal neutral circle) they had seen before. Because of the intrinsic association between familiarity and positivity, the positivity activated from the subliminal happy prime facilitated familiarity judgments. Implications of these results for cognitiveaffective relations are discussed.
- Moderation of the familiarity-stereotyping effect: The role of stereotype fitPublication . Garcia-Marques, Teresa; Mackie, Diane M.; Maitner, Angela T.; Claypool, Heather M.Research has shown that familiarity induced by prior exposure can decrease analytic processing and increase reliance on heuristic processing, including the use of stereotypes (the familiarity-stereotyping effect). We hypothesize that the familiarity-stereotyping effect will occur only when a stereotype provides information that fits with the judgmental context. When a stereotype and other encountered information are inconsistent with one another, heuristic processing will be disrupted and the familiarity-stereotyping effect will be eliminated. To test this hypothesis, we replicated two experiments from Garcia-Marques and Mackie (2007), manipulating the level of familiarity of information and the stereotypic fit of a suspect’s occupation to a crime context. Prior exposure to both categorical information (Study 1) and criminal evidence (Study 2) increased stereotyping and decreased analytic consideration of the evidence, but only when the suspect’s occupation was stereotypically consistent with the crime.
- Positivity can cue familiarityPublication . Garcia-Marques, Teresa; Mackie, Diane M.; Claypool, Heather M.; Garcia-Marques, LeonelGiven that familiarity is closely associated with positivity, the authors sought evidence for the idea that positivity would increase perceived familiarity. In Experiment 1, smiling and thus positively perceived novel faces were significantly more likely to be incorrectly judged as familiar than novel faces with neutral expressions. In Experiment 2, subliminal association with positive affect (a positively valenced prime) led to false recognition of novel words as familiar. In Experiment 3, validity judgments, known to be influenced by familiarity, were more likely to occur if participants were in happy mood states than neutral mood states. Despite their different paradigms and approaches, the results of these three studies converge on the idea that, at least under certain circumstances, the experience of positivity itself can signal familiarity, perhaps because the experience of familiarity is typically positive.
- The effects of personal relevance and repetition on persuasive processingPublication . Claypool, Heather M.; Mackie, Diane M.; Garcia-Marques, Teresa; McIntosh, Ashley; Udall, AshtonPast research has suggested that familiarity with amessage, brought about by repetition, can increase (Cacioppo & Petty, 1989) or decrease (Garcia–Marques & Mackie, 2001) analytic (systematic) processing of that message. Two experiments attempted to resolve these contradictory findings by examining how personal relevance may moderate the impact of familiarity on processing. Experiment 1 manipulated repetition and personal relevance and found that message repetition increased analytic processing (as reflected by greater persuasion following strong vs.weak arguments) under high relevance conditions and decreased analytic processing when relevance was low. In Experiment 2, both repetition and relevance were manipulated in different ways, but results again showed that repetition reduced analytic processing under low relevance conditions and that perceived familiarity mediated this outcome. Implications of these findings are discussed.
- ‘‘We” are familiar but ‘‘It” is not: Ingroup pronouns trigger feelings of familiarityPublication . Housley, Meghan K.; Claypool, Heather M.; Garcia-Marques, TeresaThe notion that language can shape social perception has a long history in psychology. The current work adds to this literature by investigating the relationship between ingroup-designating pronouns and perceptions of familiarity. In two experiments, participants were exposed to nonsense syllables that were primed with ingroup (e.g., we) and control (e.g., it) pronouns before perceptions of the syllables’ familiarity (Experiments 1 and 2) and positivity (Experiment 2) were assessed. Because previous work has shown that ingroup pronouns are perceived positively (Perdue, Dovidio, Gurtman, & Tyler, 1990), and that positivity can trigger familiarity (e.g., Garcia-Marques, Mackie, Claypool, & Garcia-Marques, 2004; Monin, 2003), we predicted that syllables primed with ingroup-designating pronouns would be perceived as more familiar and positive than would syllables primed with control pronouns. These predictions were confirmed. Additionally, Experiment 2 provided suggestive evidence that the effect of ingroup pronouns on perceived familiarity is mediated by positivity. Implications of these results for the literatures on how language shapes intergroup biases and on how positivity triggers feelings of familiarity are discussed.