Browsing by Author "Fonseca, Ricardo Jorge Rodrigues Moita da"
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- Acordo inter-juízes: O caso do coeficiente kappaPublication . Fonseca, Ricardo Jorge Rodrigues Moita da; Silva, Pedro José dos Santos Ponte da; Silva, Rita Rocha daSempre que é preciso classificar um conjunto de dados num dado número de categorias, vários tipos de enviesamentos podem ocorrer. Com vista à sua minimização é frequente o recurso a mais do que um juiz para categorizar os mesmos dados, analisando-se posteriormente o seu grau de acordo e consequentemente a fiabilidade da classificação. Entre os vários índices de acordo inter-juízes mencionados na literatura, o coeficiente kappa (Cohen, 1960) é referido como o mais frequentemente utilizado quando as variáveis em estudo são nominais. Neste artigo, procuramos descrever este coeficiente, apresentando a sua definição, pressupostos, fórmula, e ilustrando os passos para o seu cálculo. Exploramos também o seu desenvolvimento para kappa ponderado (Cohen, 1968). Por fim, algumas críticas feitas a este coeficiente de acordo inter- -juízes são sumariamente discutidas. ------ ABSRTACT ------ Whenever one needs to classify a set of data in a given number of categories, several types of biases can occur. In order to minimize them, it’s frequent to recourse to more than one judge to categorize the same data, analyzing afterwards the degree of their agreement and consequently the reliability of the classification. Among the several interrater agreement indexes mentioned in the literature, kappa coefficient (Cohen, 1960) is referred as the most frequently used when variables in study are nominal. In this article, we attempt to describe this coefficient, presenting its definition, assumptions, formula, and illustrating the steps to its calculi. We also explore its development to weighted kappa (Cohen, 1968). Finally, some critiques made to this interrater agreement coefficient are briefly discussed.
- Back to basics: Socially facilitated situated cognitionPublication . Fonseca, Ricardo Jorge Rodrigues Moita da; Garcia-Marques, TeresaA widely ignored finding in social facilitation suggests that the mere presence of others increases the “spreading out” of one’s thoughts (Allport, 1920). Here, we revisit this finding and expand upon it using a situated cognition perspective. Experiment 1 approached the spreading-out-of-thought effect using the same free-association task as Allport. Results replicated and extended previous findings. Compared to an alone condition, co-action and mere presence activated more associations, being that these associations are more context-related and more distant in the target word associative network. Assuming that this spreading-out-of-thought effect arises from an increased salience of context-related processing, we tested this hypothesis using the Framed-Line Test paradigm in Experiment 2. Results showed that, as expected, co-action increased accuracy of estimation judgments that required incorporation of contextual information in processing. These results support and extend Allport’s view that presence of others broadens our thoughts. We discuss this idea, suggesting that social contexts may prompt cognition to be more situated.
- Challenge and threat motivation : Effects on superficial and elaborative information processingPublication . Fonseca, Ricardo Jorge Rodrigues Moita da; Blascovich, James; Garcia-Marques, TeresaThis paper integrates the motivational states of challenge and threat within a dual processing perspective. Previous research has demonstrated that individuals experience a challenge state when individuals have sufficient resources to cope with the demands of a task (Blascovich eta, 1993). Because the experience of resource availability has been shown to be associated with superficial processing (Garcia-Marques and Mackie, 2007), we tested the hypothesis that challenge is associated with superficial processing in two persuasion experiments. Experiment 1 revealed that inducing attitudes of participants in a challenge state was not sensitive to the quality of arguments presented. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the effect occurs even when task engagement, manipulated by the presence (vs. the absence) of a task observer (Blascovich et al., 1993), is high. The implications of these results for the biopsychosocial model model and the cognitive and motivational literature are discussed.
- Familiarity, challenge and processing of persuasion messagesPublication . Fonseca, Ricardo Jorge Rodrigues Moita da; Garcia-Marques, TeresaThis thesis investigates the relationship between an experience of familiarity and a motivational state of challenge with how information is processed in a persuasion context. Previous research on social cognition has suggested that familiarity not only impacts a wide range of cognitive processes, but also regulates the activation of a more analytic information-processing mode, an assumption of the Familiarity of As a Regulation Mechanism model (Garcia-Marques, 1999; Garcia-Marques et al., 2010). On a different field, research on the Biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat (Blascovich et al., 1993, 1999) has suggested that familiarity influences the activation of a motivational state of challenge. These two approaches suggest, therefore, that an experience of familiarity is able to influence both cognitive and motivational processes features. The overlap between the assumptions underlying both approaches is here explored being suggested the possibility that they might be closely related. For example, both approaches assume that an experience of familiarity signals individuals with necessary resources available and accessible in memory to deal with the situation. In this thesis, we have explored the relationship between these two approaches developing four experiments that could simultaneously inform about information-processing modes and assess the cardiovascular responses that typically map the motivational state. Experiment 1 showed the expected association of familiarity with non-analytical processing and at the same time the exhibition of a challenge type of cardiovascular responses. Interestingly these two effects that were activated by the same source, familiarity, did not seem to be related. Neither the observed cardiovascular indexes explained why individuals engaged in less analytic processing, nor did this processing mode was associated with the cardiovascular indexes. To continue exploring the relationship between these two effects, experiment 2 tested if the motivational state of challenge could promote less analytic processing by itself. Although the manipulation of motivational challenge did in fact influence how information was processed and was associated with the correspondent cardiovascular pattern of challenge, once again, the cardiovascular indexes were not related with the cognitive effect. The subsequent studies were designed to directly test the observed independence of both processes. We hypothesized that this observed dissociation could be in some way related with the fact that both processes depend on different levels of task-engagement. Experiment 3 replicates experiment 2 by manipulating the motivational state of challenge and adding to it a manipulation of task-engagement (presence versus absence of an observer). Results revealed that the two previously observed effects were only found in the task-engagement condition (i.e. in the presence of the observer). In experiment 4, we went back to the original study of the experience of familiarity and thus replicated experiment 1, adding to it the same manipulation of task-engagement. Results revealed that although the motivational effects disappeared in the low engagement condition (i.e. those who were alone), the cognitive impact was always observed regardless of the task-engagement level. To our view, these results are suggesting that the two effects here approached – the cognitive and motivational impact of familiarity, are related indeed. However, they are related under specific conditions, for example, the degree with which individuals are engaged with the task. As such, we claim that their co-occurrence does not mean that they are part of the same process. This assumption is discussed and a set of new experiments is proposed to further support it.
- Familiarity, challenge, and processing of persuasion messagesPublication . Garcia-Marques, Teresa; Fonseca, Ricardo Jorge Rodrigues Moita da; Blascovich, JamesThis article focuses on how familiarity moderates task engagement. Blascovich et al. (1993) have demonstrated that task familiarity generally evokes challenge motivation; that is, the experience of having sufficient resources to meet task demands. Garcia-Marques, Mackie, Claypool, and GarciaMarques (2013) have demonstrated that individuals attend less to details while performing familiar tasks thereby processing information more superficially. The relationship between these two effects was tested in two experiments including the assessment of both the physiological measures that index individuals’ motivational states and of the way in which individuals process information. Experiment 1 revealed that familiarity with a persuasive message independently activates both a physiological challenge response and reduces participants’ sensitivity to argument quality. Experiment 2 provided additional evidence that the two effects act independently by showing that social presence moderates the first effect but not the second.
- Se correr o bicho pega : Normas de avaliação de imagens de animais negativosPublication . Prada, Marília; Fonseca, Ricardo Jorge Rodrigues Moita da; Garcia-Marques, Teresa; Fernandes, Alexandre ConstâncioNeste trabalho apresentamos as normas de valência, familiaridade, medo, nojo e perigosidade de um conjunto de 50 imagens de animais avaliadas por uma amostra total de 78 estudantes universitários. As 10 categorias de animais foram seleccionadas com base no pressuposto de serem percebidas negativamente e associadas a emoções como medo ou nojo e representavam animais passíveis de serem encontrados num contexto doméstico (i.e., abelha, osga, centopeia, rato e barata) ou não doméstico (i.e., cobra, escorpião, lagarto, morcego e tarântula). Cada imagem foi avaliada por um mínimo de 38 participantes. Globalmente, os resultados relativos às 10 categorias sugerem que: (a) todas podem ser classificadas como negativas; (b) sete são percebidas como familiares, associadas a elevado medo e/ou a elevado nojo, e (c) quatro são percebidas como perigosas. Os resultados das avaliações das diferentes categorias (e exemplares) são sumariados como normas de suporte a futuras investigações que requeiram estímulos negativos associados a medo ou nojo.
- Seeing the big picture : Size perception is more context sensitive in the presence of othersPublication . Garcia-Marques, Teresa; Fernandes, Alexandre Constâncio; Prada, Marília; Fonseca, Ricardo Jorge Rodrigues Moita da; Hagá, SaraThis paper tests the hypothesis that social presence influences size perception by increasing context sensitivity. Consistent with Allport's prediction, we expected to find greater context sensitivity in participants who perform a visual task in the presence of other people (i.e., in co-action) than in participants who perform the task in isolation. Supporting this hypothesis, participants performing an Ebbinghaus illusion-based task in co-action showed greater size illusions than those performing the task in isolation. Specifically, participants in a social context had greater difficulty perceiving the correct size of a target circle and ignoring its surroundings. Analyses of delta plot functions suggest a mechanism of interference monitoring, since that when individuals take longer to respond, they are better able to ignore the surrounding circles. However, this type of monitoring interference was not moderated by social presence. We discuss how this lack of moderation might be the reason why the impact of social presence on context sensitivity is able to be detected in tasks such as the Ebbinghaus illusion.
- Social presence and the composite face effectPublication . Garcia-Marques, Teresa; Fernandes, Alexandre Constâncio; Fonseca, Ricardo Jorge Rodrigues Moita da; Prada, MaríliaA robust finding in social psychology research is that performance is modulated by the social nature of a given context, promoting social inhibition or facilitation effects. In the present experiment, we examined if and how social presence impacts holistic face perception processes by asking participants, in the presence of others and alone, to perform the composite face task. Results suggest that completing the task in the presence of others (i.e., mere co-action) is associated with better performance in face recognition (less bias and higher discrimination between presented and non-presented targets) and with a reduction in the composite face effect. These results make clear that social presence impact on the composite face effect does not occur because presence increases reliance on holistic processing as a “dominant” well-learned response, but instead, because it increases monitoring of the interference produced by automatic response.