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- Hierarchical models of social competence in preschool children: A multisite, multinational studyPublication . Vaughn, Brian E.; Shin, Nana; Kim, Mina; Coppola, Gabrielle; Krzysik, Lisa; Santos, António José; Peceguina, Maria Inês Duarte; Daniel, João Rodrigo; Veríssimo, Manuela; DeVries, Anthon; Elphick, Eric; Ballentina, Xiomara; Bost, Kelly K.; Newell, Wanda Y.; Miller, Ellaine B.; Snider, J. Blake; Korth, BryanThe generality of a multilevel factorial model of social competence (SC) for preschool children was tested in a 5-group, multinational sample (N = 1,540) using confirmatory factor analysis. The model fits the observed data well, and tests constraining paths for measured variables to their respective first-order factors across samples also fit well. Equivalence of measurement models was found at sample and sex within-sample levels but not for age within sample. In 2 groups, teachers’ ratings were examined as correlates of SC indicators. Composites of SC indicators were significantly associated with both positive and negative child attributes from the teachers’ ratings. The findings contribute to understanding of both methodological and substantive issues concerning SC in young children.
- Longitudinal analyses of a hierarchical model of peer social competence for preschool children: Structural fidelity and external correlatesPublication . Shin, Nana; Vaughn, Brian E.; Kim, Mina; Krzysik, Lisa; Bost, Kelly K.; McBride, Brent; Santos, António José; Peceguina, Maria Inês Duarte; Coppola, GabrielleAchieving consensus on the definition and measurement of social competence (SC) for preschool children has proven difficult in the developmental sciences. We tested a hierarchical model in which SC is assumed to be a second-order latent variable by using longitudinal data (N = 345). We also tested the degree to which peer SC at Time 1 predicted changes in positive adjustment from Time 1 to Time 2, based on teacher and peer ratings. Using a multiple-method datacollection strategy, information for three subdomains of SC (social engagement/ motivation, profiles of social interaction and personality assets assessed with Q-sorts, peer acceptance) were collected across consecutive years in preschool programs. Longitudinal confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) demonstrated invariance of both the measurement and the structural models across age levels and yielded a cross-time path weight of .74 for the second-order factor. Analyses of latent means suggested significant increases in SC scores from the first year to second year of participation, and longitudinal cases in their second year of participation had higher scores than did age peers who entered the program as older children. Finally, Time 1 SC predicted increases from Time 1 to Time 2 for SC-relevant indicators rated by teachers and peers (standardized path coefficient of .29, p < .001).
- Preschool children’s mental representations of attachment: Antecedents in their secure base behaviors and maternal attachment scriptsPublication . Wong, Maria; Bost, Kelly K.; Shin, Nana; Veríssimo, Manuela; Maia, Joana Branco; Monteiro, Lígia Maria Santos; Silva, Filipa; Coppola, Gabrielle; Costantini, Alessandro; Vaughn, Brian E.This study examined the antecedents of preschool age children’s mental representations of attachment, assessed using the Attachment Story Completion Task (ASCT). Antecedent predictors were maternal attachment scripts, assessed using the Attachment Script Assessment (ASA), and the child’s secure base behaviors, assessed using the Attachment Q-Set (AQS). Participants were 121 mothers and their preschool children assessed in three samples (Portuguese sample, n ¼ 31; US Midwestern sample, n ¼ 38; US Southeastern sample, n ¼ 52). AQS and ASA assessments were completed approximately 1.5 years before the ASCT data were collected. No cross-sample contrasts for the attachment variables were significant. Correlations and structural equation modeling (SEM) indicated that the three attachment measures were significantly associated and that both maternal secure base script knowledge and children’s secure base behaviors (AQS) were uniquely and significantly associated with children’s mental representations of attachment (ASCT). A test of the indirect effect between maternal scripts and child representations through children’s secure base behaviors was not significant.
- A relação entre a qualidade de vinculação à mãe e o desenvolvimento da competência social em crianças de idade pré-escolarPublication . Veríssimo, Manuela; Fernandes, Carla; Santos, António José; Peceguina, Maria Inês Duarte; Vaughn, Brian E.; Bost, Kelly K.O presente estudo de natureza longitudinal tem como objectivo estudar a relação entre a qualidade da vinculação da criança à mãe (em média aos 32 meses) e a sua competência social em idade pré-escolar, avaliada dois anos mais tarde. No total participaram 48 díades mãe-criança de nacionalidade portuguesa e americana. Em ambos os contextos sócio culturais constatou-se que a qualidade da vinculação está positiva e significativamente correlacionada com a competência social. Estes resultados sugerem que as relações de vinculação mãe-criança são facilitadoras da adaptação da criança ao grupo pré-escolar, na medida em que promovem o envolvimento positivo com os pares, potenciado uma variedade de competências que contribuem para a aceitação no grupo de pares. ------ ABSTRACT ------ In this study, we attempted to map early attachment security to the development of social competence in preschool years. Participants were 48 mother dyads from two different countries (Portugal and the United States of America). Positive and significant correlations were found between the AQS security score and the social competence. The results suggest that the parent-child attachment relationships contribute to children’s adaptation in the preschool peer group by promoting positive engagement with peers and by supporting a range of skills that underlie peer acceptance.
- Secure base representations for both fathers and mothers predict children’s secure base behavior in a sample of portuguese familiesPublication . Monteiro, Lígia Maria Santos; Veríssimo, Manuela; Vaughn, Brian E.; Santos, António José; Bost, Kelly K.Relations between fathers’ and mothers’ representations of attachment (independently assessed using an attachment script representation task) and children’s secure base behavior (assessed using the Attachment Q-sort; AQS) were studied in 56 Portuguese families (mean age of child ¼ 31.9 months). Each parent’s secure base script representation score predicted AQS security scores for the child with that parent at approximately equivalent degrees of association. However, both parental secure base script scores and AQS security scores were positively correlated across parents. A hierarchical regression predicting AQS security with father from both parent’s scriptedness scores and from the AQS score with mother showed a unique, significant influence of father’s scriptedness score and the AQS score with mother, but mother’s scriptedness score did not uniquely add to the prediction. Difficult temperament was ruled out as a mediator of the cross-parent association for AQS security scores.
- The quality of maternal secure-base scripts predicts children's secure-base behavior at home in three sociocultural groupsPublication . Vaughn, Brian E.; Coppola, Gabrielle; Veríssimo, Manuela; Monteiro, Lígia Maria Santos; Santos, António José; Posada, German; Carbonell, Olga A.; Plata, Sandra J.; Waters, Harriet S.; Bost, Kelly K.; McBride, Brent; Shin, Nana; Korth, BryanThe secure-base phenomenon is central to the Bowlby/Ainsworth theory of attachment and is also central to the assessment of attachment across the lifespan. The present study tested whether mothers’ knowledge about the secure-base phenomenon, as assessed using a recently designed wordlist prompt measure for eliciting attachment-relevant stories, would predict their children’s securebase behavior, as assessed by observers in the home and summarized with the Attachment Q-set (AQS). In each of three sociocultural groups (from Colombia, Portugal, and the US), scores characterizing the quality of maternal secure-base narratives elicited using the word-list prompt procedure were internally consistent, as indicated by tests of cross-story reliability, and they were positively and significantly associated with the child’s security score from the AQS for each subsample. The correlation in the combined sample was r(129) = .33, p < .001. Subsequent analyses with the combined sample evaluated the AQS item-correlates of the secure-base script score. These analyses showed that mothers whose stories indicate that they have access to and use a positive secure-base script in their story production have children who treat them as a “secure base” at home. These results suggest that a core feature of adult attachment models, in each of the three sociocultural groups studied, is access to a secure-base script. Additional results from the study indicate that cross-language translations of the maternal narratives can receive valid, reliable scores even when evaluated by non-native speakers.