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- The other side of self-monitoring: Inhibition control in and out a social contextPublication . Figueira, Pedro; Garcia-Marques, TeresaAlthough the Stroop effect depends on cognitive monitoring efficiency, it is not yet clear if the Self- Monitoring personality trait is related with such efficiency. Here we contrast two likely hypotheses. If we assume executive control functions to be more activated by individuals’ personality tendency to monitor their behavior, we should expect High Self-Monitors to reduce Stroop interference. However, if we assume that Self-Monitoring personality features are only monitoring social context features, it may be that High Self-monitors lack executive resources to perform a Stroop task depending on the nature of their social context. In two studies, we test these hypotheses creating a feeling of being in a social context through priming (Study 1) or by manipulating other’s presence (Study 2). In both studies we assessed High and Low Self-Monitor’s performance in a Stroop task. Results of both experiments show that while Low Self-Monitors perform better in social than in nonsocial contexts, High Self- Monitors perform worse in the social context. This pattern of results suggests monitoring activity of High Self-Monitors in the presence of others interferes with their cognitive performance in controlling Stroop interference.
- Relative to what? Dynamic updating of fluency standards and between-participants illusions of truthPublication . Garcia-Marques, Teresa; Silva, Rita Rocha da; Mello, Joana José de; Hansen, JochimPrevious research has shown that fluency effects are driven by discrepancies between current and baseline fluency. Thus, illusions of truth associated with repetition (which increases statement fluency and its perceived truth-value relative to new statements) are less likely to occur when participants judge pure lists of either all-repeated or all-new statements and comparisons are between-participants, than when participants judge mixed lists and comparisons are within-participants. Still, there are demonstrations of between-participants illusions of truth in the literature. In this manuscript, we explain the emergence of between-participants truth effects in terms of hypothetical dynamic updating of fluency standards. The findings of two experiments provide evidence for this hypothesis by showing that between-participants truth effects occur most strongly for the first elements of the statement list but are reduced over time. The findings suggest that the dynamics of fluency experiences contribute to the truth effect and should be taken into account when investigating illusions of truth.
- Dispositional beliefs regarding “affect as information” determine the perception of persuasive self-efficacyPublication . Garcia-Marques, Teresa; Loureiro, FilipeAbstract: In this paper, we approach the relationship between believing that affect informs about the validity of a claim and believing that one persuasive strategy will be more or less efficient in changing one’s own attitude. In one study, participants were asked to select from a set of features of a persuasive context those they perceived to have more persuasive power. Results showed that these selections were clearly clustered in two groups, suggesting that individuals tend to select either more cognitive features or more experiential affective features. Individual measures regarding participants’ need for cognition and faith in intuition did not explain the tendency to select more one type of cluster or another, but this selection was determined by how much people generally believe that affect informs about the validity or goodness of a claim.
- Dominance and competence face to face: Dissociations obtained with a reverse correlation approachPublication . Oliveira, Manuel; Garcia-Marques, Teresa; Dotsch, Ron; Garcia-Marques, LeonelThe article explores whether the traits representing the dimensions underlying the structure of facial and non-facial impressions are similarly mapped in the face space. Two studies examine whether the trustworthiness-bydominance and the warmth-by-competence two-dimensional models overlap in face perception. In Study 1 (N = 200), we used a reverse-correlation task to obtain classification images (CIs) reflecting how each dimension is mapped onto a face. Results show that the similarity between CIs was higher between warmth and trustworthiness than between competence and dominance. In Study 2 (N = 31) the evaluations of each CI on each social dimension show a higher dissociation between dominance and competence than between trustworthiness and warmth. These results, obtained at both perceptual and judgment levels, suggest that there is only a partial correspondence between the two models that seems to be driven by the relationship that the competence and dominance dimensions establish with valence
- Rebound effects in persuasion: considering potential ironic effects of suppression and correction / Efectos rebote en la persuasión: una consideración de los posibles efectos irónicos de la supresión y la corrección / Efectos rebote en la persuasión: una consideración de los posibles efectos irónicos de la supresión y la correcciónPublication . Silva, Pedro José dos Santos Ponte da; Garcia-Marques, Teresa; Wegener, Duane T.Previous theory and research in persuasion has failed to examine possible ironic effects of attempting to suppress or to correct for influences of a potentially biasing source. Yet, because people often encounter sets of persuasive communications in order (e.g., in advertising), such rebound effects seem possible. Data on such possibilities are scarce, however. Here we present a relevant study. It followed the typical single-shot persuasive message with a second message on an unrelated topic but employed a similar type of (potentially biasing — attractive or unattractive) source. Attitudes following the second communication showed increased source impact for participants asked to suppress source-related thoughts during the first message (especially when the second message was encountered under load). Instructions to correct for potential source effects during the first message did not show ironic effects following the second message. This relatively small study is not enough to make definitive claims, but it suggests that rebound effects of thought suppression are possible in (repeated) persuasion settings. Future research and open questions regarding ironic effects are discussed.
- The perception of time is dynamically interlocked with the facial muscle activityPublication . Fernandes, Alexandre Constâncio; Garcia-Marques, TeresaTime perception relies on the motor system. Involves core brain regions of this system, including those associated with feelings generated from sensorimotor states. Perceptual timing is also distorted when movement occurs during timing tasks, possibly by interfering with sensorimotor afferent feedback. However, it is unknown if the perception of time is an active process associated with specific patterns of muscle activity. We explored this idea based on the phenomenon of electromyographic gradients, which consists of the dynamic increase of muscle activity during cognitive tasks that require sustained attention, a critical function in perceptual timing. We aimed to determine whether facial muscle dynamic activity indexes the subjective representation of time. We asked participants to judge stimuli durations (varying in familiarity) while we monitored the time course of the activity of the zygomaticus-major and corrugator-supercilii muscles, both associated with cognitive and affective feelings. The dynamic electromyographic activity in corrugator-supercilii over time reflected objective time and this relationship predicted subjective judgments of duration. Furthermore, the zygomaticus-major muscle signaled the bias that familiarity introduces in duration judgments. This suggests that subjective duration could be an embodiment process based in motor information changing over time and their associated feelings.
- The complexity of relations between dimensions of social perception: Decomposing bivariate associations with crossed random factorsPublication . Judd, Charles M.; Garcia-Marques, Teresa; Yzerbyt, VincentTheories of social perception argue that there are two underlying dimensions of social judgment, variously labeled competence/agency and warmth/communality. How these relate to each other has been the focus of extensive empirical work with research showing both a ‘halo” relation (targets rated more positively on one dimension are rated more positively on the other) and a “compensatory” relation (targets rated more positively on one dimension are rated more negatively on the other). We argue that these divergent findings result from different comparative contexts under which participants judge social stimuli and on the underlying factors that contribute to variance in the resulting judgments. In two studies, we vary the comparative context under which perceivers made judgments and we decompose the variance in such judgments (and their covariance) into components due to the random factors of participants, targets, and their interaction. Halo relations emerge for participant means, regardless of comparative context. On the other hand, the covariance between target means changes signs under different comparative contexts, as does the interaction covariance.
- Is It Familiar or Positive? Mutual Facilitation of Response LatenciesPublication . Garcia-Marques, Teresa; Mackie, Diane M.; Claypool, Heather M.; Garcia-Marques, LeonelWe provide evidence for a previously unstudied consequence of the relationship that familiarity has with positive affect: Positive affect and familiarity exert a bi-directional impact on latencies to judgments about the other. Experiment 1 showed that this association caused predictable facilitation and inhibition patterns on both evaluative and recognition task response times in an implicit association paradigm. In Experiment 2 participants in a forced recognition task decided which of two symbols (one primed with a subliminal happy face and the other with a subliminal neutral circle) they had seen before. Because of the intrinsic association between familiarity and positivity, the positivity activated from the subliminal happy prime facilitated familiarity judgments. Implications of these results for cognitiveaffective relations are discussed.