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- Dominance and competence face to face: Dissociations obtained with a reverse correlation approachPublication . Oliveira, Manuel; Garcia-Marques, Teresa; Dotsch, Ron; Garcia-Marques, LeonelThe article explores whether the traits representing the dimensions underlying the structure of facial and non-facial impressions are similarly mapped in the face space. Two studies examine whether the trustworthiness-bydominance and the warmth-by-competence two-dimensional models overlap in face perception. In Study 1 (N = 200), we used a reverse-correlation task to obtain classification images (CIs) reflecting how each dimension is mapped onto a face. Results show that the similarity between CIs was higher between warmth and trustworthiness than between competence and dominance. In Study 2 (N = 31) the evaluations of each CI on each social dimension show a higher dissociation between dominance and competence than between trustworthiness and warmth. These results, obtained at both perceptual and judgment levels, suggest that there is only a partial correspondence between the two models that seems to be driven by the relationship that the competence and dominance dimensions establish with valence
- Generation and testing of emergent traits in composite professional stereotypesPublication . Benrós, Miguel F.; Vaz, André R.; Assunção, Hugo; Correia dos Santos, Ana Sofia; Palma, Tomás; Garcia-Marques, LeonelAbstract: In daily interactions, we frequently meet people that belong to multiple categories, sometimes with conflicting stereotypical implications. Studies show that, when generating attributes for composite stereotypes, novel emergent attributes are created, derived from the constituent categories, but also from real world knowledge (e.g., Hastie, Schroeder, & Weber, 1990; Kunda, Miller, & Claire, 1990). In this work, in a similar vein as the work by Kunda and collaborators (1990), we test composite professional categories, and their simple constituents, in a Portuguese sample. To our knowledge, there is no evidence that, in Portuguese language, composite categories are able to generate emergent properties. We empirically explore the kind of content that is generated, and how the conflict between constituents is solved. In Experiment 1, participants described 24 pairs of composite categories and each constituent. In Experiment 2, we refined the identification of emergent attributes by asking participants to evaluate each previously generated attribute on a rating scale, for each category, constituent or composite, in a between-subject design. Results provide evidence that emergent attributes were generated and revealed a different mean rating in the composite categories that were not in their constituents. We discuss their contribution for future research delving into what kind of processes are at the basis of the creation of composite stereotypes, as well as what is the nature of its mental representation, how stable composite stereotypes are, and how consensual are they, given different possibilities in conflict resolution modes and models (e.g., Hastie et al., 1990; Kunda et al., 1990).
- Spontaneous trait inference and transference : exploring the link between names and traitsPublication . Ramos, Tânia; Garcia-Marques, Leonel; Hamilton, DavidAbstract: Previous research has shown that spontaneous trait inferences (STI) made from behaviors are bound to actor’s faces. Additionally, research has shown that inferred traits can also become associated with the faces of communicators of the behaviors through spontaneous trait transference (STT). In this study, we replaced the actors’ pictures by actors’ names, in order to investigate whether names of actors and communicators (e.g., Carl Smith) can also become attached to inferred traits. Under these conditions, evidence of STIs was obtained, but not of STTs. These results show that the association between traits and communicators (STT) is highly dependent on the visual salience of the communicator. In contrast, STIs occur even when actors are not visually salient. Results are discussed in terms of the processes underlying STIs and STTs.
- Is It Familiar or Positive? Mutual Facilitation of Response LatenciesPublication . Garcia-Marques, Teresa; Mackie, Diane M.; Claypool, Heather M.; Garcia-Marques, LeonelWe provide evidence for a previously unstudied consequence of the relationship that familiarity has with positive affect: Positive affect and familiarity exert a bi-directional impact on latencies to judgments about the other. Experiment 1 showed that this association caused predictable facilitation and inhibition patterns on both evaluative and recognition task response times in an implicit association paradigm. In Experiment 2 participants in a forced recognition task decided which of two symbols (one primed with a subliminal happy face and the other with a subliminal neutral circle) they had seen before. Because of the intrinsic association between familiarity and positivity, the positivity activated from the subliminal happy prime facilitated familiarity judgments. Implications of these results for cognitiveaffective relations are discussed.
- The importance of memory for the success of cooperation under ecological adversityPublication . Sousa, David Naves; Correia, Luís; Garcia-Marques, LeonelWhile cooperation maximizes collective welfare, selfishness maximizes short-term individual benefits. Why should any organism cooperate? Selfishness seems to be favored by natural selection. While this presents a classical dilemma in many fields, cooperation is observed at all levels of biological organization. By preserving the common good, cooperation may guarantee better survival chances for all. Evolution and maintenance of cooperation are possible by a combination of multiple mechanisms including reciprocity, which in primates and particularly in humans is largely dependent on memory and the ability to exchange social information, a function of language. In this article, we present a multi-agent model developed with the aim of evaluating the importance of memory in cognitive and social adaptations for cooperation based on reciprocity when populations are under ecological stress. We show that in a society under ecological pressure, the reciprocity network permitted by collaborative memory promotes cooperation.