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- Representações de vinculação e qualidade do brincar interativo em crianças em idade pré-escolarPublication . Figueiredo, Mafalda; Gatinho, Ana Rita dos Santos; Torres, Nuno; Pinto, Alexandra; Santos, António J.; Veríssimo, ManuelaResumo: Durante o período pré-escolar as relações que a criança estabelece com os principais cuidadores e com os pares são de importância fundamental para o seu desenvolvimento socio emocional. Contudo, são poucos os estudos acerca da relação entre a qualidade da vinculação e a forma como as crianças brincam com os pares. Pretende-se com este estudo investigar a associação entre as representações de vinculação de crianças pré-escolares e diferentes dimensões do jogo interativo das mesmas. Participaram 66 crianças, entre os 4 e os 5 anos de idade, e respetivas educadoras, de duas escolas distintas. A qualidade das representações de vinculação foi acedida através do Attachment Story Completion Task (ASCT), cujas histórias foram codificadas por três investigadores “cegos”. Os comportamentos de jogo interativo em contexto pré-escolar foram reportados pelas educadoras através da Penn Interactive Peer Play Scale (PIPPS). Detetou-se uma associação positiva estatisticamente significativa entre a Segurança das representações de vinculação e a Interação Positiva com os Pares e associações significativas negativas entre a Segurança e a Disrupção e a Segurança e a Desconexão. Os nossos resultados evidenciam a associação entre relações seguras de vinculação e o modo como as crianças interagem ludicamente com os pares.
- Multidimensional Factor Structure of the Modified Child Rearing Practices Report Questionnaire (CRPR-Q) in a sample of Portuguese mothers : a bifactor approachPublication . Ribeiro, Olívia; Guedes, Maryse; Veríssimo, Manuela; Rubin, Kenneth; Santos, António J.Abstract: Parental attitudes toward child socialization influence their child-rearing practices, the quality of parent-child relationships, and children’s developmental outcomes. The Modified Child Rearing Practices Questionnaire (CRPR-Q) has been widely used to assess parenting practices across children’s development. However, the few studies investigating its two-factorial structure (nurturance and restrictiveness) have shown inconsistent findings and have not explored measurement invariance across children’s sex and age groups. The aims of this study were to (1) further investigate the factorial structure of the CRPR-Q, by using bifactor solutions (b-confirmatory factor analysis [B-CFA] and b-exploratory structural equation modeling [B-ESEM]) and (2) examine the measurement invariance of CRPR-Q across children’s sex and age groups. A community sample of 589 Portuguese mothers of children aged 3 to 15 years completed the CRPR-Q. Our findings revealed that the B-ESEM model best fit the data. A clear differentiation between the two a priori factors (nurturance and restrictiveness) was found. However, our findings suggest the need to control for content specificity and rely on a broader perspective regarding the nurturance factor. Measurement invariance was observed across children’s sex but not across children’s age groups. These findings contribute to a more in-depth understanding of the underlying relationships among the CRPR-Q items.
- Father involvement and maternal stress: The mediating role of coparentingPublication . D'Orsi, Dora; Veríssimo, Manuela; Diniz, Eva: In recent years mothers have been finding themselves overwhelmed by the need to balance work and maternal duties. Father involvement in childcare has been related to a decrease in mother’s burden in childcare. This association is influenced by multiple aspects, such as the way parents share parenting perspectives and views about child rearing, i.e., coparenting. Nevertheless, the mediating role of coparenting on the association between father involvement and maternal stress has been overlooked. This will be addressed by the current study. A total of 254 Portuguese married/cohabiting mothers of preschool children reported on maternal stress, father involvement in caregiving, and coparenting. Data was collected in public and private schools through questionnaires and online through advertisements in social media. Results show that greater father involvement in direct care was associated with greater maternal stress, but this direction changes when mediated by cooperative coparenting. Moreover, results suggest that when mothers perceived less conflict in coparenting, greater father (in)direct care contributed to decreased maternal stress. The current study supports the notion that fathers involvement and parent’s cooperation account to mothers’ wellbeing, which will improve family dynamics.
- Perceived attachment to fathers and mothers and shame in early adolescencePublication . Gerulaitis, Sandra; Azevedo, Jussane; Fernandes, M.; Veríssimo, Manuela; Guedes, MaryseAbstract: Shame results from a set of complex ideas about the self and, when intense and prolonged, may interfere in adolescents’ socioemotional adjustment. Research with young adults found that parent-child attachment was associated with shame. Due to the limited number of studies during adolescence, this study aimed to examine the role of the perceptions of safe haven and secure base in the relationship with the mother and the father in self-reported shame in a sample of adolescents aged 10 to 15 years. A total of 312 adolescents (45% boys) aged, on average, 12 years, recruited from a school of the Metropolitan Lisbon, participated in the study. Participants answered the Portuguese version of the Security Scale Questionnaire (SSQ) and the External and Internal Shame Scale for Adolescents(EVEI-A) to assess perceptions of safe haven and secure base in the relationships with parents and total, internal, and external shame. Higher scores of secure base and safe haven in the relationships with the father and with the mother were associated with self-reports of lower levels of overall, internal, and external shame. The strength of the associations between the scores of safe haven and internal shame tended to be higher for the relationship with the mother than for the relationship with the father. These findings are consistent with research conducted with young adults and highlight the importance of assessing the role of both fathers and mothers as a safe haven and secure base.
- Análise fatorial confirmatória do questionário “O Papel do Pai” numa amostra de pais e mães portuguesasPublication . Monteiro, Lígia; Torres, Nuno; Veríssimo, Manuela; Pessoa E Costa, Inês; Freitas, MiguelResumo: O presente estudo visou traduzir para português o questionário “The Father’s Role” e analisar a qualidade do ajustamento do modelo de medida do instrumento para pais e mães, numa amostra de 200 famílias nucleares, com crianças em idade pré-escolar. Os resultados permitem suportar a estrutura uni-fatorial do QPP para as respostas do pai, com índices de ajustamento que sustentam a boa qualidade do modelo. Para as mães apenas um modelo bi-fatorial se mostrou adequado. Os resultados sugerem que as atitudes e crenças sobre a parentalidade de pais e mães portugueses poderão ter estruturas diferentes.
- Respect and sympathy in Portuguese preschoolers and middle-school childrenPublication . Costa Martins, Mariana; Cardoso, Evlyne Martins; Pires, E.; Fernandes, M.; Fernandes, C.; Malti, Tina; Veríssimo, ManuelaAbstract: Recent research has revealed theorical and empirical links between respect and socioemotional outcomes such as moral emotions and prosociality, as well as negative associations with aggression. The ability to sympathize, feel concern, and be aware of other’s states has also been hypothesized to influence how children conceptualize respect and evaluate behaviors as worthy of respect. The development of respect derives from the ability to recognize others as individuals with unique needs, feelings, and desires. Similarly, like respect, sympathy has also been associated with more altruistic and kinder interactions. The present study aims to explore the link between these two socioemotional constructs – respect and sympathy – while considering possible cultural nuances. Fifty-three children answered the Respect Interview which delved into their conceptualizations, evaluations, and reasonings behind respect (the concept, expressions, and examples of feeling respect from others), and the Sympathy Scale. Parents also reported on their children’s sympathy and sociodemographic data. A positive effect between sympathy and respect was only partially confirmed. Sympathy revealed a positive effect on prosocial conceptualizations of respect (χ2=3.85, p<.05;b=.90). In contrast, children who used authority themes to define expressions of respect, were less sympathetic [t(51)=-1.86, p<.05]. Sociodemographic differences were considered and discussed when analysing both variables. Our results are in line with previous literature and contribute to knowledge in this field by replicating the study in a different culture and age range.
- Caregivers’ responses to children’s negative emotions: Associations with preschoolers’ executive functioningPublication . Fernandes, C.; Santos, A. F.; Fernandes, M.; Veríssimo, Manuela; Santos, António J.There is a lack of knowledge regarding the connection between parental emotional responsiveness and children’s executive functioning (EF). This study aimed to explore the relations between caregivers’ reactions to their children’s distress and children’s EF. Mothers of 136 preschoolers reported their reactions to their children’s negative emotions using the Coping with Children’s Negative Emotions Scale. Children’s EF was assessed through the mothers and teachers’ reports using the Behavioral Inventory of Executive Functioning for Preschool Children. Results showed that the mothers’ perceived use of negative emotional regulation responses (i.e., punitive and minimizing reactions) was associated with lower levels of EF in children, as reported by both mothers and teachers. The association between the mothers’ use of positive emotional regulation responses (i.e., problem-focused, emotion-focused, and expressive encouragement reactions) and children’s EF was not significant. Multiple regression analyses revealed that the mothers’ use of negative emotional regulation responses accounted for significant proportions of variance in EF indexes. These findings suggest that parental socialization of emotion could be important for children’s EF. Specifically, caregivers’ negative emotional regulation responses to children’s distress may serve as a risk factor for poorer EF in children. Efforts to improve children’s EF may be more effective when parental emotional responsiveness to their distress is considered.
- Efeitos de idade e sexo no autoconceito de crianças Pré-EscolaresPublication . Pinto, Alexandra Maria Pereira Inácio Sequeira; Gatinho, Ana Rita dos Santos; Fernandes, Carla; Veríssimo, ManuelaPoucas são as investigações sobre o autoconceito realizadas com crianças de idade pré-escolar. Neste estudo procuramos contribuir para uma melhor compreensão do desenvolvimento normativo do autoconceito, no período pré-escolar, nomeadamente, através da análise dos efeitos que o sexo e a idade têm no mesmo. Tratando-se de um estudo longitudinal, a amostra foi composta por 83 crianças portuguesas, avaliadas no seu autoconceito aos quatro e aos cinco anos de idade, através da Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance for Young Children – PSPCSA. As crianças apresentaram resultados muito elevados em todos os domínios do autoconceito, em ambas as idades Os dados parecem indicar que os elevados valores do autoconceito começam a declinar já no fi m do período pré-escolar, pelo menos em alguns domínios, sugerindo, dessa forma, um desenvolvimento diferenciado do autoconceito, consoante os diferentes domínios avaliados. Finalmente, parecem existir diferenças no autoconceito relacionadas com o sexo das crianças, favorecendo os rapazes. Os nossos resultados contribuem para uma melhor compreensão do processo de desenvolvimento do autoconceito
- Perceptions of portuguese preschool teachers and psychologists about the acceptability of a new evidence-based Universal Intervention Program with Targeted Elements for Inhibited-Withdrawn BehaviorsPublication . Guedes, Maryse; Veríssimo, Manuela; Santos, António J.High and stable behavioral inhibition (BI) during early childhood place children at increased risk of experiencing anxiety, depression, peer exclusion, victimization, and academic difficulties. The bioecological developmental framework and existing limitations in the scope of the few available interventions targeted at behavioral inhibition during early childhood support the need to develop new teacher-led socioemotional learning programs to be implemented with the peer group in the classroom. This study aimed to explore the perceptions of Portuguese psychologists and preschool teachers about the acceptability of the aims, structure, contents, activities, and materials of a new universal intervention targeting inhibited behaviors and about the barriers/facilitators to its implementation. Participants were 15 preschool teachers and 14 psychologists, who were distributed into 6 focus groups. Each focus group was moderated by a trained psychologist, using a semi-structured interview guide. The thematic analysis revealed that the aims, contents, activities, and materials of the new intervention program were considered highly acceptable by preschool teachers and psychologists. Only minor modifications in the intervention structure (i.e. implementing less timeconsuming psychoeducational workshops and reducing the time interval until the follow-up session) and adaptations in the mode of delivery (i.e. hybrid format, or introduction of add-on motivational modules for preschool teachers and families) were recommended to counteract barriers related to time constraints and workplace conditions before its dissemination and pilot study. These promising findings support the perceived need and acceptability of a new teacher-led universal intervention program with targeted elements for behavioral inhibition during early childhood.
- Father involvement during early childhood: A systematic review of qualitative studiesPublication . Diniz, Eva; Brandão, Tânia; Veríssimo, ManuelaObjective: In this research, we analyze and integrate the qualitative empirical studies of father involvement, specifically examining his involvement in the multiple functions and dimensions of care during early childhood. Background: Father involvement is a relevant social and scientific topic given the changes in fathers’ role in contemporary families. Fatherhood involving presence, affection, support, nurturance, as well as prioritizing child’s needs, seems to be a perspective dominantly shared by parents. However, studies tend to focus on intact White middle-class families, neglecting other backgrounds and family configurations, which may be easily examined through qualitative approaches. Method: A database search was performed using a combination of relevant keywords in the title, abstract, and keywords. Results: Initially, 1,102 records were identified, with 58 manuscripts being assessed for eligibility. Finally, 16 articles were included. The analysis of the corpus identified three main themes: (a) the definition of father involvement and the description of main dimensions in which he was involved, (b) main challenges and facilitators of father involvement, and (c) the influence of intergenerational values on it. Conclusions: Findings provide insights about the multiple dimensions and roles related to father involvement, and they open new avenues for future research. Implications: The results reflected the state of the art about father involvement in qualitative research. Suggestions are made to reinforce fathers’ full involvement in childcare, at personal and social levels.