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- Family Sense of Coherence Scale: A Confirmatory factor Analysis in a Portuguese SamplePublication . Carneiro, Francis Anne Teplitzky; Salvador, Vanessa F.; Costa, Pedro Alexandre; Leal, I.Background: Family sense of coherence (FSOC) can be defined as the cognitive map of a family that enables the family to deal with stress during their lifetime. FSOC is the degree to which a family perceives family life as comprehensible, manageable, and meaningful. To the best of our knowledge, few studies have used this scale, and very few have evaluated FSOC Scale psychometric properties. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the original FSOC Scale in a sample of Portuguese caregivers of children aged between 10 and 15 years. Methods: A total of 329 caregivers completed a sociodemographic questionnaire and the FSOC Scale. Analyses were performed to evaluate the factor structure of the FSOC Scale with 26 items as well as composite reliability, internal consistency, convergentrelated validity, and discriminant-related validity of the scale scores. Results: The findings supported a three-factor solution for a 13-item version that maintains the original FSOC Scale structure. The three FSOC dimensions presented a good fit to the data. Cronbach’s alpha, composite reliability, and convergent-related validity were considered very good for the FSOC Scale (α = 0.956; CR = 0.974; AVE = 0.689). No evidence of discriminant-related validity was found for the dimensions of FSOC. Conclusion: The findings support the use of the Portuguese FSOC Scale for research and clinical purposes with Portuguese caregivers. Future research is necessary to further develop a European Portuguese version of the FSOC Scale. Implications: This study provides a psychometric evaluation of FSOC Scale characteristics in a Portuguese sample. The results are helpful for clinicians and family therapists who work with families since it could help them to assess the resources of families and their ability to cope with adversity and enhance their strengths.
- Are the children alright? A systematic review of psychological adjustment of children conceived by assisted reproductive technologiesPublication . Carneiro, Francis Anne Teplitzky; Leong, Valéria; Nóbrega, Sara; Salinas-Quiroz, Fernando; Costa, Pedro Alexandre; Leal, IsabelThe present systematic review aims to assess the psychological adjustment of children born through assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) and to screen for clinical problems when compared with normative data from the standardized indexes of mental health. Following PRISMA guidelines, the search was conducted from inception through September 2021 using APA PsycInfo, APA PsycArticles, Psychology and Behavioural Sciences Collection, Academic Search Complete, Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, Scielo, and RCAAP. Search terms related to ART and children’s psychological adjustment were combined to Boolean operators to identify relevant published studies in English, French, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish. Peer-reviewed studies focused on the psychological adjustment of ART children aged between the 3 and 11 years were included. From a total of 337 results, 45 papers were eligible to be included in this review. Data extraction was performed independently by two authors and revised and confrmed by other two authors. All children scored below the clinical range for psychiatric symptoms when compared with normative data for the Strengths and Difculties Questionnaire (SDQ) or the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA), regardless of type of ART and diferent family confgurations. Further, some evidence suggests that surrogacy children with gay fathers present the lowest levels of psychological problems when compared to normative data. These fndings enable practitioners to develop an informed view of ART children mental health outcomes to help parents fnd more adaptive strategies to navigate their chosen pathways in healthier ways
- Construct-related validity of the strengths and difficulties questionnaires with three and five dimensions: A multitrait-multimethod analysisPublication . Teplitzky Carneiro, Francis Anne; Costa, Pedro Alexandre; Leal, IsabelThe Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is one of the most broadly used questionnaires to evaluate children’s psychological adjustment, however its internal structure has been a target of ongoing controversy. Recent studies suggested a three-factor structure of the SDQ, however data is still scarce. The present study used the Multitrait-Multimethod analysis to examine SDQ construct related-validity with three and five dimensions, provided by children, their parents and teachers. A total of 415 participants were recruited from a Portuguese community sample. Both SDQ versions presented good convergence-related validity, with higher values for the five version. Findings from this study suggest that the SDQ with three dimensions could be more suitable as a screening measure of children’s psychological adjustment in a community low-risk sample. Nevertheless, the SDQ still needs further psychometric improvements in order to properly collect information from multi-source samples about the prevalence of children’s psychological adjustment.
- The Walsh Family Resilience Questionnaire: Validity evidence from PortugalPublication . Morais, Inês; Teplitzky Carneiro, Francis Anne; Sinval, J.; Costa, Pedro Alexandre; Leal, I.Background: Family resilience refers to a family’s capacityto face and manage adversities, emerging as a stronger andmore resourceful unit. A family system approach enlargesthe lens to the broad relational network, identifying poten-tial resources for resilience within the immediate andextended family. This approach emphasizes a family’sinnate ability to adapt in the face of adversities.Objective: This study aims to test the psychometric proper-ties of the Walsh Family Resilience Questionnaire(WFRQ) using a sample of Portuguese caregivers withchildren aged between 10 and 15 years.Method: A total of 267 caregivers of children aged 10 to15 years completed a sociodemographic questionnaire andthe WFRQ. Analyses were performed to evaluate theWFRQ’s validity evidence based on the internal structure(i.e., dimensionality and reliability) and on its relationshipto other variables.Results: The findings supported a 31-item version of theWFRQ with one third-order latent factor, three second-order factors, and nine first-order factors for the Portu-guese population. The WFRQ exhibited satisfactory valid-ity evidence based on the internal structure and relation toother variables.Conclusion: Overall, the results of this study demonstratethe suitability of the WFRQ as a holistic measure to gaugeresilience at the family level, going beyond individualassessments.Implications: This instrument holds significant utility infamily resilience research and clinical interventions involv-ing families.
- Foi assim que aconteceu: A nossa família - as trajetórias resilientes das famílias constituídas por procriação medicamente assistida ou inseminação por dador face aos desafios inerentes à sua transição para a ParentalidadePublication . Carneiro, Francis Anne Teplitzky; Leal, Isabel Maria PereiraComo consequência de profundas mudanças socio-legais, demográficas e tecnocientíficas têm surgido as novas famílias (formadas através de PMA, constituídas por casais do mesmo género e constituídas por mães solteiras por escolha). Por serem configurações familiares que se afastam da estrutura tradicional nuclear, várias questões têm surgido relativamente às suas implicações para o ajustamento psicológico das crianças. Também muito pouco se sabe ainda sobre os constrangimentos e recursos específicos destas famílias durante a sua transição para a parentalidade, nomeadamente sobre o seu funcionamento familiar. Neste sentido foi desenvolvido um estudo transversal multi-métodos, inserido numa matriz clínicodesenvolvimental, denominado A NOSSA FAMÍLIA: FOI ASSIM QUE ACONTECEU. Este pretendeu avaliar o funcionamento familiar e os processos familiares das novas famílias ao nível da parentalidade e do ajustamento infantil. Os resultados principais revelaram que as crianças das novas famílias apresentam um ajustamento psicológico positivo comparativamente aos dados normativos de crianças da mesma faixa etária e aos dados das crianças de outras famílias, tais como a nuclear tradicional. Os resultados revelaram também que as novas famílias constituídas através de PMA ou inseminação por dador experienciam um Distressful Loop, composto por três fases, e que se repetiu durante meses ou anos até as famílias concretizarem a parentalidade. A primeira fase deste Loop representa o momento em que pais/mães aguardam ansiosamente pelos resultados médicos. A segunda fase representa as tentativas de PMA falhadas ou a perda gestacional e os consequentes sentimentos de desilusão, humor depressivo e luto. A terceira fase representa a recuperação psicológica e o reajuste das famílias face às consequências negativas das tentativas de PMA falhadas ou perdas gestacionais, até à sua decisão final de realizarem outra tentativa de PMA e entrarem novamente no Loop. Não obstante, as famílias apresentaram também importantes características e recursos durante todo o seu processo de PMA que as permitiram amenizar o impacto negativo do Distressful Loop e dos stressores associados à PMA, nomeadamente, otimismo e positividade, tenacidade e perseverança, fé e espiritualidade, comunicação, sincronização e coesão do casal e suporte social. Verificou-se também que as famílias constituídas por mães lésbicas/bissexuais navegaram por diferentes contextos legais durante a sua transição para a maternidade e consequentemente enfrentaram desafios e stressores diferentes, embora todas tem sentido a ausência de representação mental e social desta maternidade, inclusivamente nas suas famílias de origem. Não obstante, estas mães demonstraram ser capazes de transformar o impacto negativo dos stressores mencionados através de várias formas, tais como o aumento e manutenção da visibilidade da sua identidade minoritária e da sua família, participação no ativismo pelos direitos LGBTQ+, procura de suporte da comunidade LGBTQ+, ou pela revelação seletiva da sua família. Foram também muito ativas e persistentes na recuperação de conexões e suporte com os membros das suas famílias de origem. Este estudo destaca a importância de serem desenvolvidas intervenções psicoterapêuticas que tenham em conta as vicissitudes mencionadas relativamente às novas famílias, incluindo as suas vulnerabilidades e acentuado as suas forças e estratégias para que possam navegar pelas várias trajetórias da parentalidade de forma resiliente e saudável.
- Reactions from family of origin to the disclosure of lesbian motherhood via donor inseminationPublication . Costa, Pedro Alexandre; Tasker, Fiona; Carneiro, Francis Anne Teplitzky; Pereira, Henrique; Leal, Isabel Maria PereiraMost studies of planned lesbian motherhood via donor insemination (DI) have sampled lesbian mothers in individualistic societies where adults have relatively distant connection to their family of origin. Our study examined the experiences of biological and non-biological lesbian mothers in five families who had children through DI after disclosing their motherhood status to their family networks in Portugal, a familistic society. The first theme identified by thematic analysis-"But why do you want to have a child?"-encapsulated the reactions of biological mothers' family of origin to the announcement of motherhood. Disclosure was mostly met by a shocked response in the family, rooted in the belief that lesbian women should not have children. The second theme-"But you weren't pregnant, how is this your child?"-summarized the reactions of non-biological mothers' family of origin to the disclosure of motherhood status as they considered refusing to recognize their grandchild in the absence of biological connection. Prejudice against lesbian-mother family formation was associated with the specific intersection of lesbianism and motherhood, but relationships between the mothers and their families were largely repaired because of familistic values.