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- Coping strategies and their relationship with subjective distress due to the COVID-19 pandemic in BrazilPublication . Alvares Duarte Bonini Campos, Juliana; Campos, Lucas; Martins, Bianca Gonzalez; Maroco, J. P.Objectives: To identify the strategies used by Brazilian adults for coping with the COVID-19 pandemic and to verify the effect of these strategies on subjective distress. Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study with online data collection in May/June 2020, November/December 2020, and May/June 2021. The BriefCOPE Inventory and the Impact of Event Scale (IES-R) were used. The prevalence of strategies used at different time points was estimated with a 95% confidence interval and compared with a z-test. A multiple logistic regression model was constructed and the odds ratio (OR, 95%CI) was calculated to verify the probability of subjective distress according to the coping strategy used. Results: Younger individuals had a lower prevalence of adaptive strategies, which increased significantly with age. Participants with higher income levels had a higher prevalence of adaptive strategies, as did those who were never diagnosed with a mental health disorder. The prevalence of using only maladaptive strategies ranged from 6.1% to 5.4% (p > 0.05). The use of problem-centered strategies (Active Coping and Planning), venting of emotions, and substance use increased with time, while acceptance and behavioral disengagement decreased. In general, the population used problem-centered strategies, but the high prevalence of problem avoidance was striking. Positive reinterpretation and acceptance were protective factors for subjective distress, whereas maladaptive strategies increased the chance of distress. The presence of a negative valence component (problem- or emotion-centered) increased the chance of subjective distress, whereas strategies based on Problem Solving acted as a protective factor. Conclusion: Coping strategies were significantly associated to subjective distress and have changed since the beginning of the pandemic. Strategies focused on emotion regulation may be relevant to minimize distress.
- The oral health impact profile and well-being on mothers and preschool childrenPublication . Esteves Da Silva Souza, Bianca; Arrais De Campos, Lucas; Marôco, J. P.; Alvares Duarte Bonini Campos, JulianaObjectives to verify the contribution of mothers’ oral health impact profile to their children’s oral health profile and the contribution of mothers’ well-being and the caries index (dmft) to children’s well-being. Methods This is a cross-sectional observational study. Mothers and pre-school children enrolled in public schools in the municipality of Araraquara-SP took part. The Oral Health Impact Profile Questionnaire (OHIP-14), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) and the Autoquestionnaire Qualité de Vie Enfant Imagé (AUQEI) were used. To diagnose caries, a clinical examination was carried out to calculate the dmft index. Path analysis was carried out and the path coefficients were estimated (β) and evaluated using the z-test (α=5%). Results 443 children took part (5.19±0.64 years; 52.4% boys) with an mean dmft of 1.31±2.19. The mean age of the mothers was 33.4±7.01 years. There was a significant impact of dmft and maternal well-being on the child’s subjective well-being (s2 explained=43%). The mothers’ oral health impact profile and the child’s caries experience had a significant influence on both the child (OHIP: β=0.22; p<0.001; dmft: β=0.48; p<0.001) and the family (OHIP: β=0.29; p<0.001; dmft: β=0.32; p<0.001). The child’s dmft (β=-0.10; p=0.005) and the mothers’ subjective well-being (β=-0.61; p<0.001) had a significant impact on the child’s subjective well-being. Conclusion The mothers’ oral health impact profile and the child’s caries experience had an impact on both the child and the family. Mothers’ subjective well-being and caries experience should be considered when assessing the subjective well-being of Brazilian preschool children
- COVID-19 pandemic: Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms among Brazilian psychologistsPublication . Alvares Duarte Bonini Campos, Juliana; Arrais De Campos, Lucas; Martins, Bianca Gonzalez; de Oliveira, Adriano Palomino; NAVARRO, MARIA FABIANA; dos Santos, Simone Cristina; da Costa, Josilene; Prado, Oliver Zancul; Maroco, J. P.Introduction: Symptoms related to mental health disorders became the background of the COVID-19 pandemic, and psychologists had to adapt to the demands, while they themselves were exposed to the pandemic and its stressors. Objectives: To identify demographic and professional characteristics of Brazilian psychologists in different phases of pandemic and their reported care practices, concerns, and symptoms. Methods: This was an observational study conducted online in four independent phases with no pairing among the samples (May/June 2020, n = 263; November/December 2020, n = 131; May/June 2021, n = 378; November/December 2021, n = 222). Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale was used. The validity and reliability of the data obtained with the DASS-21 were attested to by confirmatory factor analysis. Basic lexographic and similarity analysis were conducted to obtain textual information. Prevalence of variables was estimated and compared between phases using the z-test (α = 5%). Similarity analysis was performed to identify the psychologists’ concerns. Results: Most of participants were women and were self-employed or employed. There was rapid adjustment to remote work and more than 70% reported changes in their mental health since the onset of pandemic. One in four participants had a previous mental health disorder, and there was a high prevalence of symptoms such as anxiety, fear, and angst. The prevalence of professionals who reported not caring about their own mental health was significant. In 2020, one cluster (health) of concern was identified, while in 2021 there were three clusters (health, family, and COVID-19). The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms was high and did not change during the pandemic. Conclusions: Psychologists adapted to the demands of the population in the face of the pandemic. However, there was a high prevalence of mental health symptoms and a disregard for self-care among these professionals.
- Impact of body and orofacial appearance on life satisfaction among Brazilian adultsPublication . Campos, Lucas; Alvares Duarte Bonini Campos, Juliana; Silva, Wanderson Roberto Da; Peltomäki, Timo; Pinto, Ary Santos; Maroco, J. P.Aims 1. to elaborate a general model of physical appearance taking into account body image (BI) and orofacial appearance (OA) components; and 2. to evaluate the impact of BI and OA on life satisfaction among Brazilian adults. Methods This is a cross-sectional observational study. The cognitive, behavioral, affective, and satisfaction/ dissatisfaction aspects of BI, the satisfaction and psychosocial impact of OA, and life satisfaction were evaluated by self-reported psychometric scales. Principal Component Analysis and Parallel Analysis were performed. Structural equation models were elaborated to estimate the impact of BI and OA on life satisfaction. The fit of the models was verified and the significance of the path estimates (β) was evaluated using z-tests (α = 5%). Results A total of 1,940 individuals participated in the study (age: mean = 24.8, standard deviation = 5.7 years; females = 70.1%). In the male sample, three physical appearance factors were retained (OA, cognitive and behavioral components of BI, and affective and satisfaction/dissatisfaction components of BI). In the female sample, two factors were retained (OA and all components of BI). All factors had significant impact on life satisfaction (β = |0.26|-|0.48|, p<0.001) in both samples. Individuals dissatisfied with BI and OA had lower levels of life satisfaction. For men, the affective and satisfaction components of BI had a greater impact on life satisfaction (β = 0.48, p<0.001) than the other factors (β =] -0.30;-0.25[, p<0.001). For women, both BI and OA had a similar impact (BI: β = -0.30, p<0.001; OA: β = -0.32, p<0.001). Conclusion BI and OA formed distinct clusters in the physical appearance evaluation. Physical appearance was perceived differently by men and women, fostering discussion about the sociocultural construction of the body. BI and OA had a significant impact on life satisfaction and should be considered in assessment and treatment protocols.
- Exercise motives among university students – A Brazil-Portugal transnational studyPublication . Campos, Lucas; dos Santos, Adrielly; Sampaio, Mafalda Margarida Basto; Maroco, J. P.; Alvares Duarte Bonini Campos, JulianaBackground: Identifying the motives why people exercise is interesting for the planning of effective health promoting strategies. Objectives: To estimate the psychometric properties of the exercise motivations inventory (EMI-2) in Brazilian and Portuguese university students, and to compare motive-related factors for exercise among students. Methods: One thousand Brazilian (randomly splitted into “Test sample” [n = 498] and “Validation sample” [n = 502]) and 319 Portuguese students participated in this cross-sectional study. Motives for exercise were evaluated using EMI-2. Exploratory factor analysis was performed in the test sample. Then, confirmatory factor analysis was performed in the validation and Portuguese samples. The EMI-2 scores were compared according to sex, exercise, and weight status (ANOVA, α = 5%). Results: EMI-2 factor model was explained by 5 factors and presented adequate fit (χ2 /df≤ 3.2; CFI ≥ 0.9; TLI ≥ 0.9; RMSEA ≤ 0.07; and α≥ 0.83). The motives for exercising were mainly related to psychological and interpersonal factors for men, health-related factors for women, and body-related factors for overweight and obese individuals. People who practice exercise had higher EMI-2 scores. Conclusion: The 5-factor model is suggested for a comprehensive assessment of motives for exercise. Individual characteristics should be considered for development of tailored protocols.
- Aesthetic dental treatment, orofacial appearance, and life satisfaction of Finnish and Brazilian adultsPublication . Arrais De Campos, Lucas; Alvares Duarte Bonini Campos, Juliana; Maroco, J. P.; Peltomäki, TimoTo study the probability of seeking/undergoing aesthetic dental treatment (ADT) and compare self-perception of orofacial appearance (OA) based on sex, age, and monthly income; and to estimate the impact of OA on life satisfaction (LS) among Finnish and Brazilian adults, considering the indirect effect of receiving ADT and the moderating effects of those sociodemographic variables. Methods This was an online cross-sectional study. Orofacial Esthetic Scale (OES), Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ) and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) were used. Probability of seeking/receiving ADT was calculated using logistic regression and odds ratio (OR). OA scores were compared according to sociodemographic characteristics (ANOVA, α = 5%). Structural equations models estimated the impact of OA on LS. Results 3,614 Finns [75.1% female, 32.0 (SD = 11.6) years] and 3,979 Brazilians [69.9% female, 33.0 (SD = 11.3) years] participated in the study. Women were more likely to receive ADT than men in both countries (OR>1.3). However, no statistically or practical significant differences were observed in OA between sexes (p>0.05 or p<0.05, ηp2 = 0.00–0.02). In Finland, demand for ADT (OR = 0.9–1.0) and OA scores (p>0.05) were the same among different ages and monthly income. In Brazil, younger individuals (OR>1.6) and those with higher monthly income (OR>2.7) were more likely to receive ADT, while those with lower income had a greater psychosocial impact of OA (p<0.05; ηp2>0.07). Individuals who were more satisfied with their own OA and had less psychosocial impact from OA had higher levels of LS (β = 0.31–0.34; p<0.01; explained variance: 9.8–13.1%). Conclusion Demand for ADT is influenced by sociodemographic and cultural factors. Greater societal pressure on physical appearance is observed among women in Western countries. In countries with high socioeconomic inequalities, consumerism and social prestige are involved in this demand. Self-perception of orofacial appearance plays a significant role in individuals’ subjective well-being. Therefore, the planning of aesthetic treatments in the orofacial region should consider the patient’s perceptions and social context.
- Orofacial Esthetic Scale and Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire: Development and psychometric properties of the Finnish versionPublication . Campos, Lucas; Kämäräinen, Minna; Silvola, Anna-Sofia; Maroco, João Paulo; Alvares Duarte Bonini Campos, JulianaTo develop the Finnish version of the Orofacial Esthetic Scale (OES-Fi) and the Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ-Fi) and estimate the psychometric properties of these instruments applied to adult Finns.
- Social Appearance Anxiety Scale: A psychometric investigation and evaluation of the influence of individual characteristics on social appearance anxiety in Brazilian adults who practice physical exercisePublication . Soler Donofre, Giovanna; Alvares Duarte Bonini Campos, Juliana; Santos, Priscila Carvalho; Maroco, J. P.; Campos, Lucas; Silva, Wanderson Roberto Dafntroduction: Evaluating signs of anxiety related to body appearance is becoming increasingly important in contemporary society and, in this sense, the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SAAS) seems an interesting alternative of measurement. Objectives: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the SAAS when applied to Brazilian adults who practice physical exercise and verify the influence of individual characteristics on participants’ social appearance anxiety. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted online. The participants completed the SAAS and a demographic questionnaire. The psychometric properties of the SAAS one-factor model were evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis. A structural model was built for men and women to verify the influence of individual characteristics of the participants on social appearance anxiety. Results: 1,495 individuals participated in the study (70.8% women; mean age = 29.5, SD = 8.9 years). The data obtained with the SAAS presented good indicators of validity and reliability for both genders (CFI > 0.97, TLI > 0.97, SRMR = 0.04, α > 0.97, ω > 0.85). For both men and women, greater levels of social appearance anxiety were observed among younger participants, who had a higher body mass index, self-reported an eating disorder, and perceived a change in their body after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. For women specifically, higher income and having started physical exercise more recently were associated with greater levels of social appearance anxiety. Conclusion: The findings supported the validity and reliability of the data obtained with the SAAS and revealed that when investigating social appearance anxiety in uture research and clinical protocols, specific individual characteristics should be considered.
- Measuring concern about smile appearance among adultsPublication . Silva, Bianca Nubia Souza; Campos, Lucas; Martins, Bianca Gonzalez; Maroco, João; Peltomäki, Timo; Campos, Juliana Alvares Duarte BoniniBackground/Objectives: To adapt and estimate the psychometric properties of Utrecht Questionnaire for esthetic outcome assessment in rhinoplasty (OAR) to assess concern about smile appearance and to estimate the infuence of demographic characteristics on this concern in adults. Material/Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study. Individuals aged between 18 and 40 years participated in the study. The Portuguese version of OAR was adapted for smile assessment in dental practice and was named Questionnaire for Outcome Assessment of Smile Aesthetic (OA-Smile). Data validity was estimated using factorial validity [confrmatory factor analysis (CFA)—CFI, Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), SRMR)] and convergent validity (average variance extracted). Reliability was assessed using the alpha ordinal coeffcient (αordinal) and the omega coeffcient (ω). A structural model was elaborated to assess the contribution of demographic characteristics to smile appearance concerns. Model ft was evaluated, and the z-test (α = 5%) was used to estimate the signifcance of the path estimates (β). Results: 2.523 subjects participated in the study [mean age = 32.86 (SD = 11.39) years, 68.1% female]. The factor model of orofacial appearance (OA)-Smile presented an adequate ft to the data [CFA: comparative ft index (CFI) = 0.99, TLI = 0.99, SRMR ≤ 0.05]. Convergent validity (AVE ≥ 0.80) and reliability (αordinal and ω ≥ 0.85) were adequate. The structural model presented an acceptable ft (CFI = 0.974; TLI = 0.991 and SRMR = 0.053). Women, younger people, single people, people with lower income, people using dental prostheses, undergoing dental treatment, and those who do not like their smile were more concerned about their smile appearance. Limitations: Nonprobability sampling, online data collection, and cross-sectional design are considered limitations of the study. Conclusions/Implications: OA-Smile is a suitable scale to assess smile appearance concerns, and the data obtained with this scale were valid and reliable. Demographic characteristics should be considered when measuring concerns about smile appearance.
- Use of oral health impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) in different contexts. What Is being measured?Publication . Campos, Lucas; Peltomäki, Timo; Maroco, João; Alvares Duarte Bonini Campos, JulianaThe Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) has been used to assess the impact that oral health problems can have on an individual’s life. Different theoretical models were proposed to evaluate the results. The aims of this study were to evaluate the fit of different factorial models of the OHIP-14 to non-dental patients (NDP) and dental patients (DP) samples from Brazil and Finland and to estimate the differential functioning of the items in the OHIP-14 between the samples. Two studies were conducted, one in Brazil and the other in Finland, composed of five samples (Brazil—Sample 1 (S1): DP, n = 434, age: 25.3 [SD = 6.3] years; S2: NDP, n = 1486, age: 24.7 [SD = 5.6] years; S3: DP, n = 439, age: 29.0 [SD = 6.7] years; Finland—S4: DP, n = 482, age: 26.3 [SD = 5.4] years; S5: NDP, n =·2425, age: 26.7 [DP = 5.5] years). The fit of the OHIP-14 models to the data was estimated using a confirmatory strategy (validity based on the internal structure). Differential item functioning (DIF) between samples was estimated. For NDP from both countries, the response pattern severely violated the normality assumption in six items of the OHIP-14, indicating that the instrument does not fit for these samples. For DP, the model with the best fit was unifactorial, which deals with the estimation of the general impact of oral health on an individual’s life, without addressing specific dimensions. Configural invariance was refuted between samples. DIF indicated that the characteristic of the sample (NDP and DP) in both countries interfered in the response given to the items, with the response level being more adequate for the latent PD trait. The validity of data related to the impact of oral health problems on an individual’s life was confirmed through a unifactorial model. OHIP-14 works properly in DP samples and was limited in NDP samples, being also influenced by cultural context and age.