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- A call for CARE in animal behaviour: an holistic ethical research frameworkPublication . Badihi, Gal; Taylor-O’Connor, Jennifer; Daly, Gabriela Bezerra de Melo; Komeda, Viola; Daoudi-Simison, Sophia; Rodrigues, Evelina D.; Webster, Michael M.; Altschul, Drew M.; Hobaiter, Catherine; Wiltshire,Charlotte; Klein, Harmonie; Freymann, Elodie; Grund, Charlotte; Soldati, Adrian; Henderson, Matthew; Leroux, Maël M.; Slania, Nora E.; ElseviorDespite increasing awareness of animal welfare, there are vast discrepancies between legal protections and recommended practices for different species, in different countries and at different institutions. While many guidelines are now available, they often target specific research contexts or species, leaving a gap in compre hensive ethical oversight across the entire research process. Within animal behaviour research, there is a bias for considering ethics during only the methodology and design phase. This often means only the immediate impact on animals directly involved in the research is accounted for. Conducting ethical research should extend beyond ensuring animal welfare during data collection and include environmentally sustainable research practices, alongside the ethical treatment of people working within and alongside animal behaviour research. We offer the Consult, Approve, Research and Evaluate (CARE) framework to improve the scientific integrity, transparency and ethical practices within the field of animal behaviour. CARE encourages researchers and academic bodies to (1) Consult existing (academic and traditional) knowledge on the study species, local human—animal interactions, their environment and previously implemented ethical practices and to reflect on personal experience and biases when approaching a study question; (2) seek Approval from relevant bodies (e.g. institutional ethics committees and local and government authorities) even when not mandatory; (3) uphold ethical standards while carrying out Research and (4) Evaluate the short- and long-term impacts of the specific study. Our framework is designed to distribute accountability at every level of the academic system, from individual re searchers to their institutions, funding bodies and publishers. We pitch this framework as a ‘version 1.0’ to recognize the fast-evolving nature of ethical standards in animal behaviour research and to allow space for improvement. CARE provides a necessary infrastructure for addressing systemic biases and ensuring ethically sound, socially responsible and environmentally sustainable animal behaviour research.
- Biodiversity vs. geodiversity in landscape appreciation: What do Portuguese and Spanish pre-service teachers value?Publication . Almeida, António; Prieto, Prieto; Fernández, Beatriz GarcíaABSTRACT This study aimed to identify, via questionnaire, the landscape preferences of 336 pre-service teachers—219 from a metropolitan area in Portugal and 117 from a rural area in Spain. Eight natural landscapes were assessed, each characterised by geodiversity, biodiversity, and cultural features. Overall, Portuguese students showed stronger preferences, possibly due to Spanish students’ familiarity with natural surroundings. Landscapes featuring geodiversity with water bodies (such as cascades and caldera lakes) were most favoured, while biodiversity-rich landscapes were pre ferred over those with only geodiversity. Both groups expressed a stronger commitment to landscape preservation than to their preferences, showing a moderate to weak correlation between these factors. Animals significantly attracted interest, and when various natural elements were present, geo diversity features tended to be less noticed. Positive emotions were gen erally associated with the landscapes, though some geological features and educational values were underappreciated. Suggestions for integrating these insights into teacher training are included.
- Social learning and culture in birds: Emerging patterns and relevance to conservationPublication . Aplin, Lucy; Crates, Ross; Flack, Andrea; McGregor, PeterThere is now abundant evidence for a role of social learning and culture in shaping behaviour in a range of avian species across multiple contexts, from migration routes in geese and foraging behaviour in crows, to passerine song. Recent emerging evidence has further linked culture to fitness outcomes in some birds, highlighting its potential importance for conservation. Here, we first summarize the state of knowledge on social learning and culture in birds, focusing on the best-studied contexts of migration, foraging, predation and song. We identify extensive knowledge gaps for some taxa but argue that existing evidence suggests that: (i) social learning and culture are taxonomically clustered and that (ii) reliance on social learning in one behavioural domain does not predict reliance across others. Together, we use this to build a predictive framework to aid conservationists in species-specific decision-making under imperfect knowledge. Second, we review evidence for a link between culture and conservation in birds. We argue that understanding which behaviours birds are likely to learn socially can help refine conservation strategies, improving the trajectories of threatened populations. Last, we present practical steps for how consideration of culture can be integrated into conservation actions including reintroductions, translocations and captive breeding programmes. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Animal culture: conservation in a changing world’.