Browsing by Author "Santos, Orlando"
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- Le modèle de représentation interne maternel et le comportement de base de sécurité de l’enfant dans un groupe d’enfants adoptésPublication . Veríssimo, Manuela; Salvaterra, Maria Fernanda; Santos, António José; Santos, OrlandoL’étude de la qualité de l’attachement chez les enfants adoptés est d’une grande importance pour la théorie de l’attachement, car elle permet d’évaluer la qualité de l’attachement et son développement dans les familles pour lesquelles il n’existe ni communauté génétique ni même histoire de famille. Les objectifs de ce travail sont doubles : 1) évaluer si l’âge de l’enfant à la date de son adoption a une véritable influence sur la qualité de l’attachement établi avec sa nouvelle famille ; 2) vérifier s’il existe une relation entre le modèle de représentation intériorisé de la mère et le comportement de base de sécurité de son enfant adopté. Pour atteindre ces objectifs nous avons utilisé l’AQS (Waters, 1987) pour la caractérisation de la qualité de l’attachement mère-enfant, et les Narratifs maternels (Waters H. et Rodrigues-Doolabh, 2001) pour accéder au modèle intériorisé de la mère. Nous n’avons trouvé aucune relation entre l’âge à l’adoption et la qualité de l’attachement, ce qui suggère que l’enfant réussit à établir des relations d’attachement significatives au long des premières années de sa vie. Un tel résultat interroge, d’une part, la notion de période critique pour l’établissement de l’attachement et, d’autre part, l’importance du rôle prépondérant d’une figure stable et sensible pour la promotion et le développement de liens affectifs. Les résultats démontrent que la qualité des narratifs maternels de base sécurisante est reliée aux valeurs du critère de sécurité de ces enfants. Ainsi, nos résultats sont en accord avec M. Ainsworth – qui a toujours souligné au long de ses travaux le rôle important de la sensibilité maternelle dans la construction d’un attachement sécurisé – et soutiennent un des principes de base de la théorie de l’attachement : le concept transgénérationnel, où le modèle intériorisé des relations d’attachement de la mère est un facteur médiateur de la qualité du soin et de l’interaction avec l’enfant, qui se reflète sur la qualité de l’attachement des enfants. ------ ABSTRACT ------ Studying the quality of attachment in adopted children is of great importance for the attachment theory, allowing for an evaluation of the quality of attachment and its development in families that do not share same genetic information nor the same familial history. The objectives of the current study are to evaluate if the child’s age at the time of adoption affects the quality of attachment established within the new family and if a relationship between the mother’s internal working model and the adopted child’s secure-base behaviour exists. The AQS (Waters, 1987) was used to examine the characterization of the quality of the mother-child attachment relationship and the Maternal Narratives (Waters and Rodrigues-Doolabh, 2001) were used to access the mother’s internal working model. No significant correlation was found between the child’s age at adoption and the quality of attachment, suggesting that the child can establish meaningful relationships at 2, 3 and 4 years of age, thus stressing the importance of the presence of maternal sensitivity in the development of affectional ties. The results show that the quality of scripts of maternal secure base is associated with the criterion of security in children. Thus, these results go hand in hand with Ainsworth’s findings which emphasize the importance of maternal sensitivity in the construction of a secure attachment, and support one of the basic principles of the attachment theory, ie “transgenerationality”, where the mother’s internal working model mediates the quality of childcare and interactions established with the child.
- Modèles internes opérants de l’attachement et relations d’objet internalisées : L’analyse du devenir des relations «attachement par les récits à compléter»Publication . Pinto, Alexandra Maria Pereira Inácio Sequeira; Torres, Nuno; Veríssimo, Manuela; Maia, Joana Branco; Fernandes, Marília; Santos, OrlandoConstituant les deux principaux domaines de la compréhension théorique et scientifique des êtres humains, la théorie de l’attachement et la psychanalyse se sont développées de façon autonome, tout en maintenant des points de contact. Cette recherche vise à les relier de façon empirique en se concentrant sur les théories psychanalytiques de la relation d’objet. L’Attachment story completion task a été administré à un échantillon de 51 enfants en âges préscolaire et scolaire. Les narratives ont été analysées de manière indépendante, sur le ton émotionnel du monde interne objectal, évaluées en fonction de la dimension de la Tonalité affective du paradigme de la Social cognition and object relations scale et en fonction de la cohérence et de la sécurité des représentations d’attachement émergentes. Nous avons également appliqué la WPPSI-R pour surveiller les effets potentiels des compétences linguistiques dans la production de récits. Nous avons trouvé une corrélation positive significative entre la qualité des représentations d’attachement et de la tonalité affective des objets internes, et les résultats sont discutés en termes de similitudes et différences entre ces deux concepts théoriques. ------ ABSTRACT ------- Constituting the two main domains of the theoretical and scientific comprehension of human beings, attachment theory and psychoanalysis have developed autonomously, maintaining contact points. This research aims to link them empirically by focusing on psychoanalytic theories of object relations. The Attachment Story Completion Task was administered to a sample of 51 children in preschool and school. The narratives were analyzed independently, the emotional tone of the internal object-world, measured according to the size of the affective tone of relationship paradigms of social cognition and object relations and the scale depending on the consistency and security of the emerging attachment representations. We have also applied the WPPSI-R to monitor the potential effects of language skills in the production of narratives. We found a significant positive correlation between quality of attachment representations and the affective tone of internal objects, and results are discussed in terms of similarities and differences between these two theoretical concepts.
- Qualidade da vinculação ao pai e à mãe e o desenvolvimento da amizade recíproca em crianças de idade pré-escolarPublication . Torres, Nuno; Santos, António José; Santos, OrlandoEstudos empíricos demonstraram que as crianças com uma vinculação mais segura com as figuras parentais são mais capazes de co-construir relações significativas com os pares, e que os relacionamentos afiliativos das crianças (em particular as amizades) parecem ter um grande impacto no desenvolvimento social ao longo da vida. Grande parte dos estudos têm-se centrado sobretudo na relação de vinculação com a mãe e não é claro qual o papel da vinculação com o pai no estabelecimento de relações próximas com os pares. O presente estudo examinou as relações entre a segurança da vinculação à mãe e ao pai aos 2,5 anos e o número de amizades da criança aos quatro anos. Participaram neste estudo 35 díades mãe-criança e pai-criança de famílias bi-parentais. A idade inicial das crianças variou entre 29 e 38 meses (M=31.75; DP=2.56), 23 eram raparigas. Ambos os progenitores trabalhavam fora de casa e as famílias pertenciam a um nível socio-económico médio. Para avaliar a segurança dos comportamentos de vinculação com ambos os pais foi utilizada a versão portuguesa do Attachment Behavior Q-Set (AQS) (Waters, 1995) aos 2,5 anos de idade. Para avaliar o número de amizades foram usadas duas técnicas sociométricas aos quatro anos de idade: 1) Método das Nomeações: (McCandless & Marshall, 1957), e 2) Escala de Apreciação (Asher, Singleton, Tinsley, & Hymel, 1979). Os resultados demonstraram uma consistência significativa nos comportamentos de base-segura da criança com os dois progenitores (r=.47, p<.05), e a uma correlação positiva entre comportamentos de base-segura com o pai e o posterior numero de amizades recíprocas da criança (r=.43, p<.05), o que sugere a existência de um efeito da interacção específica com o pai no estilo relacional da criança com os pares. Discutem-se os resultados argumentando que a vinculação segura ao pai pode ser uma condição necessária para o desenvolvimento de competências específicas na gestão da rede social das crianças em idade pré-escolar.
- Quality of attachment to father and mother and number of reciprocal friendsPublication . Veríssimo, Manuela; Santos, António José; Vaughn, Brian E.; Torres, Nuno; Monteiro, Lígia Maria Santos; Santos, OrlandoAttachment research suggests that children with secure attachments are more able to construct meaningful relationships with peers. Few studies, however, have attempted to map early attachment security to the formation and maintenance of preschool friendships. Special attention has been paid to affiliative relationships (particularly friendships) because these are presumed to be of special importance with respect to a number of developmental outcomes and social adjustment indices. This study examined the relations between mother–child and father–child attachment relationships using the attachment Q-sort (AQS) and the number of reciprocated friendships of preschool children. Thirty-five mother–child and father–child dyads from bi-parental families participated in the study. Children were between 29 and 38 months of age for the first assessment. The organisation of children’s secure base behaviour with both parents was assessed from separate observations of the child and parent at home. Subsequently, sociometric measures were used at four years of age to determine peer preferences. The correlation between the independent AQS scores for fathers and mothers was positive and significant (r = .51, p < .05). Thus, there was consistency in child secure base behaviour across visits with each parent. Bivariate correlation and regression analyses showed a significant positive relation between AQS security with fathers (but not with mothers) and the number of reciprocated friendships (r = .43, p < .05). Regression analyses indicated that AQS security with fathers remained a significant predictor of friendships even when AQS security with mothers was controlled. These findings may indicate a distinct relational effect of interaction quality with the father.