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Efeito Dunning-Kruger e a sua relação com a autoestima
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Abstract(s)
O Efeito Dunning-Kruger descreve a tendência do sujeito incompetente
sobrestimas as suas capacidades. Dunning interpretou este excesso de autoconfiança
presente nos autorrelatos dos sujeitos de baixo desempenho como uma deficiência
metacognitiva, de tal forma que estes sujeitos acarretam um “duplo fardo”. Isto quer
dizer que para além da sua incompetência a executar a tarefa, os sujeitos são incapazes
de reconhecer os seus próprios erros (Mazor & Fleming, 2021).
Ehrlinger e Dunning (2003) vieram demonstrar que a perspetiva que o indivíduo
tem sobre si mesmo influencia as avaliações que este irá fazer sobre o seu próprio
desempenho, independentemente da sua real performance. Assim, se um sujeito, na sua
perspetiva, considera por exemplo, que é bastante bom na área da matemática, irá
responder a problemas desta área de uma forma mais intuitiva ou invés de ponderar um
pouco mais na sua resposta. Mesmo que a sua resposta esteja errada, o sujeito vai achar
que o seu desempenho na tarefa foi bom. Daqui surge o Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT)
(Frederick, 2005), que nos permite, então perceber a disposição do indivíduo para
sobrepor a resposta intuitiva relativamente á resposta analítica.
A proposta colocada no presente estudo é que os sujeitos considerados
incompetentes, apresentam uma autoestima superior aos sujeitos que são considerados
competentes. Para testar esta hipótese, fomos medir o Efeito de Dunning-Kruger, a partir
do CRT (Frederick, 2005). Os sujeitos responderam ao CRT e posteriormente indicaram
quantas respostas achavam que tinham acertado. De seguida, dividimos os 92 sujeitos
da amostra em três grupos, consoante o número de acertos. Fomos medir a calibração
entre as expectativas de respostas certas e o número de respostas certas realmente dadas
e determinámos que esta decresce desde o grupo de sujeitos competentes até ao grupo
de sujeitos incompetentes. Analisámos a autoestima entre os 3 grupos, a partir da Escala
de Rosenberg, e determinámos que esta se mantém homogénea, ou seja, os resultados
não suportam a hipótese.
ABSTRACT: For any activity, people have a bigger capacity than othersSubjects with substantial deficits in their knowledge are not able to recognize such deficits (or ignorance). Those who are incompetent – term attributed to those who do not have capacity) should have little discernment about their incompetence- this phenomenon is called the Dunning-Kruger Effect (Dunning, 2011). However, subjects considered competent also suffer from a bad perception of their aptitudes, insofar as these subjects cannot understand their proficiency is not shared by their colleagues. Ehrlinger and Dunning (2003) demonstrated that the perspective that the individual has about himself influences the evaluations that he will make about his own performance, independently of his real performance. Thus, if na individual considers that he is quite good in mathematics, he will give a more intuitive answer instead of pondering a little bit more. Even if his answer is wrong, the subject wll think that his performance on the taks was good. Hence, the Cognitive Reflection Test (Frederick, 2005), which allow us to understand the individual´s willingness to overlay the intuitive response the analytical response. In the presente study, we propose that subjects considered as incompetent have a higher sel-esteem than subjects who are considered competente. In order to test this hypothesis, we measured the Dunning-Kruger Effect using the CRT (Frederick, 2005). The subjects answered to the CRT and then indicated how many responses they thought they had got right. Then, we divided de 92 individuals in the sample into three groups, according to the number os correct answers. We measured the calibration between de expectation of correct answers and the number of correct answers actually given and determined that it decreases from the group of competent subjects to the group of incompetente subjects. Then, we analyzed self-esteem amont the 3 groups, usig the Rosenberg Scale, and determined that it remains homogeneous, that is, the results do not support the hypothesis
ABSTRACT: For any activity, people have a bigger capacity than othersSubjects with substantial deficits in their knowledge are not able to recognize such deficits (or ignorance). Those who are incompetent – term attributed to those who do not have capacity) should have little discernment about their incompetence- this phenomenon is called the Dunning-Kruger Effect (Dunning, 2011). However, subjects considered competent also suffer from a bad perception of their aptitudes, insofar as these subjects cannot understand their proficiency is not shared by their colleagues. Ehrlinger and Dunning (2003) demonstrated that the perspective that the individual has about himself influences the evaluations that he will make about his own performance, independently of his real performance. Thus, if na individual considers that he is quite good in mathematics, he will give a more intuitive answer instead of pondering a little bit more. Even if his answer is wrong, the subject wll think that his performance on the taks was good. Hence, the Cognitive Reflection Test (Frederick, 2005), which allow us to understand the individual´s willingness to overlay the intuitive response the analytical response. In the presente study, we propose that subjects considered as incompetent have a higher sel-esteem than subjects who are considered competente. In order to test this hypothesis, we measured the Dunning-Kruger Effect using the CRT (Frederick, 2005). The subjects answered to the CRT and then indicated how many responses they thought they had got right. Then, we divided de 92 individuals in the sample into three groups, according to the number os correct answers. We measured the calibration between de expectation of correct answers and the number of correct answers actually given and determined that it decreases from the group of competent subjects to the group of incompetente subjects. Then, we analyzed self-esteem amont the 3 groups, usig the Rosenberg Scale, and determined that it remains homogeneous, that is, the results do not support the hypothesis
Description
Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no Ispa – Instituto
Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e
da Vida, para obtenção do grau de Mestre na
especialidade de Psicologia Clínica
Keywords
Efeito dunning-kruger Cognitive reflection test Teorias duais Autoestima Cognitive Reflection Test Dual Theories Selfesteem