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Culpa no luto: O papel do evitamento experiencial e da ruminação
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Enquadramento: Os sentimentos de culpa desempenham um papel importante no debate científico sobre o luto normativo e patológico enquanto uma reação inerente ao processo luto. Por outro lado, o evitamento experiencial e a ruminação estão associados a complicações durante o luto, assumindo uma função essencial na explicação do desenvolvimento e manutenção de sintomas do luto patológico. Assim, é necessário compreender de que forma a culpa pode traduzir-se num processo luto patológico, através da interação destes mecanismos. Objetivo: A presente investigação avaliou o impacto dos sentimentos de culpa na população enlutada, analisando o efeito mediador do evitamento experiencial e da ruminação nesta relação. Método: 690 participantes (55 homens e 635 mulheres) que vivenciaram a perda de um ente querido aceitaram participar no estudo. Foram realizadas análises de mediação com as seguintes variáveis: sentimentos de culpa, o evitamento experiencial e a ruminação e luto. Resultados: Os resultados indicam um efeito indireto significativo do evitamento experiencial e da ruminação (à exceção da subescala reações e contrafactual) na relação entre os sentimentos de culpa no luto, assim como um efeito direto entre a culpa e o luto. Conclusão: O recurso a mecanismos de evitamento experiencial e de ruminação perante a presença de sentimentos de culpa no luto interferem com integração da perda, contribuindo para a sua versão patológica. Assim, sugere-se a importância de planear intervenções que auxiliem a construção de novos significados dentro do sistema de valores e crenças do enlutado, a fim de contribuir para uma adaptação saudável durante este período.
ABSTRACT: Background: Guilt feelings play a significant role in the scientific debate on normative and pathological grief as an inherent reaction to the bereavement process. Additionally, experiential avoidance and rumination are recognized as factors associated with complications during grief, serving an essential function in explaining the development and maintenance of pathological grief symptoms. It is necessary to understand how guilt can translate into a pathological grieving process through the interaction of these mechanisms Objective: The present investigation evaluated the impact of guilt feelings on a bereaved population, analysing the mediating effect of experiential avoidance and rumination on the relationship between guilt and grief. Method: A total of 690 participants (55 men and 635 women) who experienced the loss of a loved one agreed to participate in the study. Mediation analyses were conducted with the following variables: guilt feelings, experiential avoidance, rumination, and grief. Results: The results indicate a significant indirect effect of experiential avoidance and rumination (except for the subscale reactions and counterfactual thinking) on the relationship between guilt feelings and grief, as well as its direct effects. Conclusion: The use of experiential avoidance and rumination mechanisms in the presence of feelings of guilt during grief interferes with the integration of the loss, contributing to its pathological version. Thus, it is suggested the importance of planning interventions that assist in the construction of new meanings within the value and belief system of the bereaved, in order to contribute to a healthy adaptation during this period.
ABSTRACT: Background: Guilt feelings play a significant role in the scientific debate on normative and pathological grief as an inherent reaction to the bereavement process. Additionally, experiential avoidance and rumination are recognized as factors associated with complications during grief, serving an essential function in explaining the development and maintenance of pathological grief symptoms. It is necessary to understand how guilt can translate into a pathological grieving process through the interaction of these mechanisms Objective: The present investigation evaluated the impact of guilt feelings on a bereaved population, analysing the mediating effect of experiential avoidance and rumination on the relationship between guilt and grief. Method: A total of 690 participants (55 men and 635 women) who experienced the loss of a loved one agreed to participate in the study. Mediation analyses were conducted with the following variables: guilt feelings, experiential avoidance, rumination, and grief. Results: The results indicate a significant indirect effect of experiential avoidance and rumination (except for the subscale reactions and counterfactual thinking) on the relationship between guilt feelings and grief, as well as its direct effects. Conclusion: The use of experiential avoidance and rumination mechanisms in the presence of feelings of guilt during grief interferes with the integration of the loss, contributing to its pathological version. Thus, it is suggested the importance of planning interventions that assist in the construction of new meanings within the value and belief system of the bereaved, in order to contribute to a healthy adaptation during this period.
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Keywords
Luto Sentimentos de culpa Evitamento experiencial Ruminação Grief Guilt Experiential avoidance Rumination