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À procura de efeitos de congruência emocional específica de appraisal em estimação de probabilidades
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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
As emoções que sentimos modelam a forma como percebemos o mundo que nos
rodeia. Nesta tese abordámos como as emoções afetam as estimativas de probabilidade de
acontecimentos emocionais. A investigação prévia salienta que tendemos a sobrestimar
acontecimentos com congruência de valência (Johnson & Tversky, 1983; MacLeod &
Campbell, 1982; Mayer et al., 1992) e que indivíduos num dado estado emocional tendem a
sobrestimar acontecimentos do mesmo tonus emocional do que de outros (DeSteno et al.,
2000). Com base na evidência que sugere que as emoções partilham dimensões avaliativas de
appraisal (Smith & Ellsworth, 1985; Roseman, 2011) e num estudo piloto (Dias, 2008)
estabelecemos a hipótese de que a estrutura de appraisal dum estado emocional pode definir
um nível intermédio de congruência entre valência (nível dimensional) e emoção (nível
específico). Focámos o appraisal de certeza/incerteza por ser uma variável relevante para os
julgamentos de probabilidade em contexto de incerteza. Realizámos cinco estudos, nos quais
manipulámos tanto a dimensão de certeza/incerteza isolada da emoção como os estados
emocionais que diferiam no appraisal de certeza/incerteza. Verificámos os efeitos destas
manipulações sobre as estimativas de probabilidade referentes a acontecimentos neutros e
acontecimentos emocionais (quer instâncias quer categorias emocionais). Testámos o efeito de
congruência quando se manipula puramente a dimensão de certeza/incerteza tanto em 1)
acontecimentos neutros emocionalmente (ambíguos ou não em certeza, Estudo 1), como em
2) acontecimentos que variam por serem associados a emoções com appraisals de certeza vs
incerteza, Estudo 2. Testámos se a manipulação de emoções, variáveis em níveis de
certeza/incerteza, influencia a forma como avaliamos a probabilidade de acontecimentos
neutros emocionalmente (ambíguos ou não em certeza), Estudo 3. Testámos se a manipulação
de emoções, variáveis em níveis de certeza/incerteza, influencia 1) a forma como avaliamos a
ocorrência de efeitos de emoções idênticas e não idênticas (efeitos de congruência especifica)
e 2) a forma como avaliamos a estimação de probabilidade de acontecimentos associados a
emoções com uma congruência específico ao nível do appraisal, Estudos 4, 4b e 5.
A evidência recolhida ao longo de todos os estudos não replicou quer o efeito de
congruência emocional específico (DeSteno et al., 2000), nem sustenta a existência de um
efeito emocional intermédio (Dias, 2008). Discutimos estes dados tendo em perspetiva as
razões metodológicas e teóricas que podem ter concorrido para a não obtenção dos padrões de
dados publicados na literatura, e focando a relevância de se testarem novas hipóteses
suscitadas pelos dados obtidos.
The emotions we feel shape the way we perceive the world around us. In this thesis we addressed how emotions influence the likelihood estimates of emotional events. Previous research shows that we tend to overestimate events in a valence congruency manner (Johnson & Tversky, 1983; MacLeod & Campbell, 1982; Mayer et al., 1992) and that individuals in a specific emotional state tend to overestimate events of the same emotional tonus as compared with others (DeSteno et al., 2000). Based on evidence that suggests that emotions share appraisal dimensions (Smith & Ellsworth, 1985; Roseman, 2011) and based on a pilot study (Dias, 2008) we hypothesized that the appraisal structure of an emotional state can define an intermediate level of congruency between valence (dimensional level) and emotion (specific level). We focus on the appraisal of certainty/uncertainty because it is a relevant variable for probability judgments in a context of uncertainty. We conducted five studies, in which we manipulated both the dimension of certainty/uncertainty isolated from emotion and the emotional states with different certainty/uncertainty appraisals. We measured the effects of these manipulations on likelihood estimates for neutral events and emotional events (both instances and categories). We tested the congruency effect when purely manipulating the dimension of certainty/uncertainty in 1) emotionally neutral events (with ambiguous or certain occurrence, Study 1), and in 2) events that are associated with emotions with appraisals of certainty/uncertainty, Study 2. We tested whether the manipulation of emotions, with different levels of certainty/uncertainty, influences how we estimate emotionally neutral events (with ambiguous or certain occurrence), Study 3. We tested whether the induction of emotions, with different levels of certainty/uncertainty, influences 1) how we evaluate the likelihood of identical and non-identical emotion events (specific congruency effects) and 2) how we evaluate the likelihood of events associated with emotions with a specific congruency at the appraisal level, Studies 4, 4b and 5. The evidence collected throughout all studies did not replicate the effect of specific emotional congruency (DeSteno et al., 2000), nor does it supports the existence of an intermediate emotional congruency effect (Dias, 2008). We discuss these data regarding the methodological and theoretical reasons for a no replication pattern published in the literature, and focusing on the relevance of testing new hypotheses raised by our data.
The emotions we feel shape the way we perceive the world around us. In this thesis we addressed how emotions influence the likelihood estimates of emotional events. Previous research shows that we tend to overestimate events in a valence congruency manner (Johnson & Tversky, 1983; MacLeod & Campbell, 1982; Mayer et al., 1992) and that individuals in a specific emotional state tend to overestimate events of the same emotional tonus as compared with others (DeSteno et al., 2000). Based on evidence that suggests that emotions share appraisal dimensions (Smith & Ellsworth, 1985; Roseman, 2011) and based on a pilot study (Dias, 2008) we hypothesized that the appraisal structure of an emotional state can define an intermediate level of congruency between valence (dimensional level) and emotion (specific level). We focus on the appraisal of certainty/uncertainty because it is a relevant variable for probability judgments in a context of uncertainty. We conducted five studies, in which we manipulated both the dimension of certainty/uncertainty isolated from emotion and the emotional states with different certainty/uncertainty appraisals. We measured the effects of these manipulations on likelihood estimates for neutral events and emotional events (both instances and categories). We tested the congruency effect when purely manipulating the dimension of certainty/uncertainty in 1) emotionally neutral events (with ambiguous or certain occurrence, Study 1), and in 2) events that are associated with emotions with appraisals of certainty/uncertainty, Study 2. We tested whether the manipulation of emotions, with different levels of certainty/uncertainty, influences how we estimate emotionally neutral events (with ambiguous or certain occurrence), Study 3. We tested whether the induction of emotions, with different levels of certainty/uncertainty, influences 1) how we evaluate the likelihood of identical and non-identical emotion events (specific congruency effects) and 2) how we evaluate the likelihood of events associated with emotions with a specific congruency at the appraisal level, Studies 4, 4b and 5. The evidence collected throughout all studies did not replicate the effect of specific emotional congruency (DeSteno et al., 2000), nor does it supports the existence of an intermediate emotional congruency effect (Dias, 2008). We discuss these data regarding the methodological and theoretical reasons for a no replication pattern published in the literature, and focusing on the relevance of testing new hypotheses raised by our data.
Description
Tese apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos
necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Psicologia
na área de especialização de Psicologia apresentada
no ISPA - Instituto Universitário no ano de 2022.
Keywords
Emoção Appraisal Probabilidade Congruência Emotion Likelihood Congruence