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A suscetibilidade da tendĂȘncia deprimida: O caso do efeito de ancoragem
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Abstract(s)
Estados afetivos negativos induzem um processamento de informação mais extenso e detalhado, o que permite que os individuos neste estado estejam mais protegidos de vieses cognitivos em processos de decisĂŁo. No entanto, nĂŁo se encontra evidĂȘncia deste efeito em processos de ancoragem e ajustamento. Neste trabalho procura-se testar esta hipĂłtese com os indivĂduos que manifestem uma maior ou menor tendĂȘncia depressiva. Pretende-se fornecer informação relativa Ă forma como os indivĂduos com tendĂȘncia depressiva, em contraste com indivĂduos nĂŁo-deprimidos, demonstram sensibilidade aos efeitos de ancoragem, nomeadamente, a Ăąncoras elevadas e baixas em estimativas de frequĂȘncia. Procura-se perceber se o tom afetivo do contexto modera este efeito, nomeadamente, como o efeito de ancoragem se manifesta quando lhes sĂŁo apresentados conteĂșdos de tom afetivo neutro, negativo e depressivo. Para identificar a tendĂȘncia depressiva, os participantes (N=245) completaram tarefas de ancoragem e preencheram a Escala de DepressĂŁo de Beck, sendo, posteriormente, divididos nos quartis extremos. Os resultados alcançados sugerem que, tanto os indivĂduos com tendĂȘncias depressivas como os individuos nĂŁo-deprimidos, sĂŁo mais suscetĂveis Ă Ăąncora nas frases neutras do que nas negativas. Os deprimidos sĂŁo, no entanto, mais propensos a este efeito, sobrestimando e subestimando mais consoante as ancoras. Mais relevante ainda Ă© o facto de que, quando expostos Ă s frases de tom afetivo depressivo, os resultados sugerem uma diferença significativa entre os dois grupos. Enquanto os indivĂduos nĂŁo-deprimidos aparentam tratar estas frases de maneira muito idĂȘntica Ă s do tom afetivo negativo, os individuos com tendĂȘncias depressivas aparentam tratĂĄ-las de maneira muito diferente, comparativamente Ă s frases dos outros tons (negativas e neutras). Ainda neste tom afetivo, muito surpreendentemente, os participantes com tendĂȘncias depressivas, aparentam nĂŁo ancorar. Estes resultados sĂŁo, posteriormente, discutidos Ă luz da literatura sobre ancoragem e estado afetivo negativo. LimitaçÔes do estudo sĂŁo tambĂ©m discutidas, tal como futuras investigaçÔes sĂŁo fornecidas.
Negative affective states induce more extensive and detailed information processing, which allows individuals in this state to be more protected from cognitive bias in decision-making processes. However, there is no evidence of this effect on anchoring and adjustment processes. In this work we try to test this hypothesis with the individuals who show a greater or lesser depressive tendency. It is intended to provide information on how depressed individuals in contrast to non-depressed individuals demonstrate sensitivity to anchoring effects, namely, high and low anchors in frequency estimates. It is sought to understand if the affective tone of the context moderates this effect, namely, as the anchoring effect is manifested when they are presented with neutral, negative and depressive affective tone contents. To identify the depressive trend, participants (N = 245) completed anchoring tasks and filled the Beck Depression Scale, and were then divided into the extreme quartiles. The results suggest that both individuals with depressive tendencies and non-depressed individuals are more susceptible to the anchor in neutral than negative sentences. The depressed are, however, more prone to this effect, overestimating and underestimating more, depending on the anchors. Even more significant is the fact that, when exposed to phrases of depressive affective tone, the results suggest a significant difference between the two groups. While non-depressed individuals appear to treat these phrases in much the same way as negative affect, individuals with depressive tendencies appear to treat them differently compared to the phrases of the other tones (negative and neutral). Still in this affective tone, very surprisingly, the participants with depressive tendencies, appear not to anchor. These results are discussed later in the literature about anchorage and negative affective state. Limitations of the study are also discussed, the future investigations are provided.
Negative affective states induce more extensive and detailed information processing, which allows individuals in this state to be more protected from cognitive bias in decision-making processes. However, there is no evidence of this effect on anchoring and adjustment processes. In this work we try to test this hypothesis with the individuals who show a greater or lesser depressive tendency. It is intended to provide information on how depressed individuals in contrast to non-depressed individuals demonstrate sensitivity to anchoring effects, namely, high and low anchors in frequency estimates. It is sought to understand if the affective tone of the context moderates this effect, namely, as the anchoring effect is manifested when they are presented with neutral, negative and depressive affective tone contents. To identify the depressive trend, participants (N = 245) completed anchoring tasks and filled the Beck Depression Scale, and were then divided into the extreme quartiles. The results suggest that both individuals with depressive tendencies and non-depressed individuals are more susceptible to the anchor in neutral than negative sentences. The depressed are, however, more prone to this effect, overestimating and underestimating more, depending on the anchors. Even more significant is the fact that, when exposed to phrases of depressive affective tone, the results suggest a significant difference between the two groups. While non-depressed individuals appear to treat these phrases in much the same way as negative affect, individuals with depressive tendencies appear to treat them differently compared to the phrases of the other tones (negative and neutral). Still in this affective tone, very surprisingly, the participants with depressive tendencies, appear not to anchor. These results are discussed later in the literature about anchorage and negative affective state. Limitations of the study are also discussed, the future investigations are provided.
Description
Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA â Instituto UniversitĂĄrio para obtenção do grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia ClĂnica.
Keywords
TendĂȘncia depressiva Tom afetivo Tomada de decisĂŁo Ancoragem e ajustamento Depressive tendency Affective tone Decision making Anchoring and adjustment