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Isolamento social, qualidade da vinculação e presença de indicadores depressivos em jovens adolescentes : Um estudo longitudinal
Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
O presente estudo pretende analisar a relação que existe entre o retraimento social, a segurança das relações de vinculação (ao pai e à mãe) e a ocorrência de indicadores depressivos, numa amostra de jovens adolescentes. Foram também analisados os efeitos do sexo para cada uma das variáveis. Este estudo é de caracter longitudinal: só foram incluídos no grupo experimental (retraídos sociais) os sujeitos que foram, em dois anos consecutivos, considerados pelos seus colegas como retraídos socialmente. Foi utilizada uma amostra de 219 sujeitos do 7º e 8ºanos de escolaridade, com uma idade média de 14 anos, que frequentavam escolas na área da grande Lisboa. Os dados foram recolhidos através do E.C.P. (avaliação que os pares fazem do funcionamento e a reputação social dos colegas), o C.D.I. (escala de autoavaliação da depressão) e o K.R.R. (aceder à qualidade das relações de vinculação). Os resultados mostraram que existem diferenças em termos do funcionamento social dos adolescentes retraídos socialmente, que são percebidos como menos agressivos, menos sociáveis/populares (principalmente as raparigas) e mais retraídos/tímidos e excluídos, quando comparados com o grupo de controlo. Também apresentam tendencialmente menos comportamentos pró-sociais. Quanto à qualidade da vinculação, também foram encontradas diferenças significativas, com o grupo de adolescentes retraídos socialmente a reportarem menor seguranças nas relações de vinculação, quer ao pai, quer à mãe, sendo tendencialmente as raparigas a reportarem valores mais baixos de segurança na vinculação ao pai. Foram ainda encontradas associações estatisticamente significativas entre o funcionamento social e a vinculação. A segurança da vinculação ao pai está associada negativa e significativamente à agressão e à sociabilidade/popularidade. Por outro lado, a segurança da vinculação à mãe está associada positiva e significativamente aos comportamentos pró-sociais. Quanto aos indicadores de sintomatologia depressiva também se encontraram diferenças significativas entre os grupos, com o grupo de retraídos sociais a reportarem menos problemas interpessoais, mais ineficácia e autoestima negativa quando comparados com o grupo de controlo. Tendencialmente também apresentam mais humor negativo. Verificou-se que existiam associações negativas significativas entre o comportamento pró-social e os problemas interpessoais, ineficácia, anedonia e no score total de depressão. Existem ainda associações positivas significativas entre a exclusão e auto estima negativa e a agressão e os problemas interpessoais, respetivamente. Por último, a exclusão também está relacionada positiva e significativamente com a autoestima negativa. Finalmente verificou-se que a segurança da vinculação quer ao pai, quer à mãe, está
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correlacionada negativa e significativamente com todos os indicadores de sintomatologia depressiva. Estes resultados estão de acordo com a literatura, refletindo as consequências negativas do retraimento social, mostrando que a persistência deste comportamento (dois anos consecutivos) pode conduzir a patologia, nomeadamente, depressiva. Por outro lado, também chamam a atenção para a importância das relações de vinculação na problemática do retraimento social
ABSTRACT: The present study aims to analyze the relationship between social isolation, attachment relations (to mother and to father), and indicators of depressive symptomatology, in a sample of adolescents. The sex effects were also analyzed for each of the variables. It has a longitudinal perspective: only individuals who were identified by their peers as withdrawal during two years were in the experimental group (social withdrawal). A sample of 219 subjects of 7º and 8º grade which average age was 14 years was used. Data were collected through E.C.P. (with allows to access the evaluation that peers make of the social functioning and social reputation of their colleagues), K.R.R. (scale that assess the attachment relations quality), and the C.D.I. (which is a scale of self-rated depression). The results showed differences among withdrawal adolescents who are perceived as less aggressive, less social and popular (namely girls) and they are more withdrawal/shy as well as excluded when compared with the control group. Withdrawal adolescents show less frequency of social behavior. To the indicators of depressive symptomatology, we also found significant differences, since the social withdrawal reporting less security in attachment relations as well as mother and father, and girls tended to report lower rates of attachment security to father. Moreover we find statistically significant associations between social functioning and attachment. The attachment security to father is significantly and negatively associated to aggression and to sociability. On the other hand, attachment security to mother is positively and significantly with prosocial behaviors. To the indicators of depressive symptomatology we also found significant differences between groups, since the social withdrawal group reported less interpersonal problems, more ineffectiveness and VII negative self-esteem when compared with the control group. The withdrawal group also tends to present more negative mood. The results confirmed negative significant associations between prosocial behavior and interpersonal problems, ineffectiveness, anhedonia and in the depression total score. There are also significant positives associations between exclusion and negative self-esteem as well as aggression and interpersonal problems. At last, exclusion is also positively and significantly associated with negative self-esteem. Finally, it was observed that attachment security to both mother and father is negative and significantly correlated with all depressive symptomatology indicators. These results support the literature, reflecting social withdrawal negative consequences, showing that the persistence of this behavior (two consecutive years) can lead to pathology, notably, depressive. On the other hand, our results underline the importance of attachment relations in the social withdrawal issue.
ABSTRACT: The present study aims to analyze the relationship between social isolation, attachment relations (to mother and to father), and indicators of depressive symptomatology, in a sample of adolescents. The sex effects were also analyzed for each of the variables. It has a longitudinal perspective: only individuals who were identified by their peers as withdrawal during two years were in the experimental group (social withdrawal). A sample of 219 subjects of 7º and 8º grade which average age was 14 years was used. Data were collected through E.C.P. (with allows to access the evaluation that peers make of the social functioning and social reputation of their colleagues), K.R.R. (scale that assess the attachment relations quality), and the C.D.I. (which is a scale of self-rated depression). The results showed differences among withdrawal adolescents who are perceived as less aggressive, less social and popular (namely girls) and they are more withdrawal/shy as well as excluded when compared with the control group. Withdrawal adolescents show less frequency of social behavior. To the indicators of depressive symptomatology, we also found significant differences, since the social withdrawal reporting less security in attachment relations as well as mother and father, and girls tended to report lower rates of attachment security to father. Moreover we find statistically significant associations between social functioning and attachment. The attachment security to father is significantly and negatively associated to aggression and to sociability. On the other hand, attachment security to mother is positively and significantly with prosocial behaviors. To the indicators of depressive symptomatology we also found significant differences between groups, since the social withdrawal group reported less interpersonal problems, more ineffectiveness and VII negative self-esteem when compared with the control group. The withdrawal group also tends to present more negative mood. The results confirmed negative significant associations between prosocial behavior and interpersonal problems, ineffectiveness, anhedonia and in the depression total score. There are also significant positives associations between exclusion and negative self-esteem as well as aggression and interpersonal problems. At last, exclusion is also positively and significantly associated with negative self-esteem. Finally, it was observed that attachment security to both mother and father is negative and significantly correlated with all depressive symptomatology indicators. These results support the literature, reflecting social withdrawal negative consequences, showing that the persistence of this behavior (two consecutive years) can lead to pathology, notably, depressive. On the other hand, our results underline the importance of attachment relations in the social withdrawal issue.
Description
Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao ISPA -Instituto Universitário
Keywords
Isolamento social Indicadores depressivos Qualidade da vinculação Adolescência Social isolation Depression Attachment Adolescence