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Masculinidade tradicional e os seus efeitos no bem-estar emocional: Conformismo e atitudes de homens e mulheres em Portugal
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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
As normas tradicionais de masculinidade estão há muito associadas tanto às
desigualdades interpessoais como às consequências psicológicas individuais. Objetivo:
Baseado no Paradigma da Tensão dos Papéis de Género e no modelo Expectativa-
Discrepância-Ameaça recentemente proposto, este estudo pretende analisar as relações
entre a conformidade com as normas masculinas tradicionais, as atitudes sexistas e o bemestar
emocional em adultos em Portugal. Metodologia: Um total de 191 participantes
preencheram o Inventário de Conformidade com as Normas Masculinas (CMNI-22), o
Inventário de Sexismo Ambivalente (ASI-22) e o Inventário de Sintomas
Psicopatológicos (BSI-18). Resultados: Os resultados indicaram que não se verificaram
correlações significativas entre a CMNI-Total e o BSI_Total, tanto nos homens (ρ = –
.038, p = .779) como nas mulheres (ρ = .104, p = .233). Contudo, observou-se uma
associação positiva entre CMNI-22 e ASI-22, mais forte no grupo masculino (r = .476, p
< .001) do que no feminino (ρ = .222, p = .010). No que respeita à correlação entre
ASI_Total e BSI_Total, não foram encontradas resultados significativos nem nos homens
(ρ = .056, p = .678) nem nas mulheres (ρ = .110, p = .206). Quanto à comparação entre
sexos, verificou-se que as mulheres apresentaram níveis mais elevados de ansiedade e
somatização, mas não de depressão. A análise em clusters identificou três perfis distintos:
um grupo com baixa conformidade e baixos níveis de sexismo e sintomatologia; um grupo
com elevada conformidade e sexismo e bem-estar emocional moderado; e um grupo com
níveis mais elevados de sofrimento psicológico. Conclusões: Embora não se tenham
verificado associações significativas entre a conformidade com as normas de
masculinidade tradicional e o bem-estar emocional, verificou-se uma relação positiva
entre esta conformidade e as atitudes sexistas, particularmente entre os homens. Estes
resultados reforçam a influência das normas masculinas tradicionais na manutenção de
crenças sexistas, ainda que não se traduzam diretamente em sofrimento psicológico. Tais
dados podem refletir processos de minimização e negação emocional associados à
socialização masculina e às normas de controlo emocional. No geral o estudo contribui
para a compreensão das dinâmicas entre a masculinidade, o sexismo e o bem-estar
emocional no contexto português, evidenciando a necessidade de promover modelos de
masculinidade mais flexíveis e igualitários.
Traditional masculinity norms have long been associated with both interpersonal inequalities and individual psychological consequences. Objective: Based on the Gender Role Strain Paradigm and the recently proposed Expectation-Discrepancy-Threat model, this study aims to analyze the relationships between conformity to traditional masculine norms, sexist attitudes, and emotional well-being in adults in Portugal. Methodology: A total of 191 participants completed the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory (CMNI-22), the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI-22), and the Psychopathological Symptom Inventory (BSI-18). Results: The results indicated that there were no significant correlations between CMNI-Total and BSI_Total, either in men (ρ = –.038, p = .779) or in women (ρ = .104, p = .233). However, a positive association was observed between CMNI-22 and ASI-22, stronger in the male group (r = .476, p < .001) than in the female group (ρ = .222, p = .010). Regarding the correlation between ASI_Total and BSI_Total, no significant results were found in either men (ρ = .056, p = .678) or women (ρ = .110, p = .206). Regarding the comparison between the sexes, it was found that women presented higher levels of anxiety and somatization, but not depression. Cluster analysis identified three distinct profiles: a group with low conformity and low levels of sexism and symptomatology; a group with high conformity and sexism and moderate emotional well-being; and a group with higher levels of psychological distress. Conclusions: Although there were no significant associations between conformity to traditional masculinity norms and emotional well-being, there was a positive relationship between this conformity and sexist attitudes, particularly among men. These results reinforce the influence of traditional masculine norms on the maintenance of sexist beliefs, even if they do not directly translate into psychological distress. Such data may reflect processes of emotional minimization and denial associated with male socialization and norms of emotional control. Overall, the study contributes to the understanding of the dynamics between masculinity, sexism, and emotional well-being in the Portuguese context, highlighting the need to promote more flexible and egalitarian models of masculinity.
Traditional masculinity norms have long been associated with both interpersonal inequalities and individual psychological consequences. Objective: Based on the Gender Role Strain Paradigm and the recently proposed Expectation-Discrepancy-Threat model, this study aims to analyze the relationships between conformity to traditional masculine norms, sexist attitudes, and emotional well-being in adults in Portugal. Methodology: A total of 191 participants completed the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory (CMNI-22), the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI-22), and the Psychopathological Symptom Inventory (BSI-18). Results: The results indicated that there were no significant correlations between CMNI-Total and BSI_Total, either in men (ρ = –.038, p = .779) or in women (ρ = .104, p = .233). However, a positive association was observed between CMNI-22 and ASI-22, stronger in the male group (r = .476, p < .001) than in the female group (ρ = .222, p = .010). Regarding the correlation between ASI_Total and BSI_Total, no significant results were found in either men (ρ = .056, p = .678) or women (ρ = .110, p = .206). Regarding the comparison between the sexes, it was found that women presented higher levels of anxiety and somatization, but not depression. Cluster analysis identified three distinct profiles: a group with low conformity and low levels of sexism and symptomatology; a group with high conformity and sexism and moderate emotional well-being; and a group with higher levels of psychological distress. Conclusions: Although there were no significant associations between conformity to traditional masculinity norms and emotional well-being, there was a positive relationship between this conformity and sexist attitudes, particularly among men. These results reinforce the influence of traditional masculine norms on the maintenance of sexist beliefs, even if they do not directly translate into psychological distress. Such data may reflect processes of emotional minimization and denial associated with male socialization and norms of emotional control. Overall, the study contributes to the understanding of the dynamics between masculinity, sexism, and emotional well-being in the Portuguese context, highlighting the need to promote more flexible and egalitarian models of masculinity.
Description
Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia
Clínica
Keywords
Masculinidade Tradicional Atitudes Sexistas Bem-Estar Emocional Conformismo Traditional Masculinity Sexist Attitudes Emotional Well-Being Conformity