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Partilhar e confortar: comportamentos altruístas genuínos ou estratégicos? Estudo com crianças de 3 e 5 anos
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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
O desenvolvimento do comportamento pró-social tem vindo a ser abordado por diversos estudos. Contudo, a literatura ainda não apresenta dados consistentes no que diz respeito à emergência e manutenção do comportamento pró-social, principalmente na idade pré-escolar. Verificam-se lacunas nos estudos anteriores, bem como resultados contraditórios. Este estudo pretendeu contribuir para uma maior compreensão de dois tipos de comportamento altruísta, a partilha e o conforto, em crianças entre os 3 e os 5 anos. A partilha foi estudada através do Jogo do Ditador, enquanto que o conforto foi estudado através de uma situação de distress sentida por um fantoche. Pretendeu-se analisar a motivação das crianças para o comportamento altruísta, nomeadamente se se comportavam de uma forma altruísta genuína, relacionada com a equidade e justiça, ou estratégica, associada a questões de reputação e reciprocidade. As crianças partilharam com uma criança conhecida e presente na sala, bem como uma criança desconhecida e ausente da sala. Também se pretendeu analisar se os comportamentos divergiam em função da idade. Na situação de partilha, as crianças de 5 anos partilharam mais do que as crianças de 3 anos, mas ambas as faixas etárias se comportaram de forma tendencialmente genuína. Na situação de conforto, as crianças de 3 e 5 anos comportaram-se de forma similar, novamente com uma tendência para o altruísmo genuíno.
ABSTRACT: The development of prosocial behaviour has been largely studied. However, literature has still no consistent data about the emergence and maintenance of prosocial behaviour, mainly in preschool age. There are gaps in previous studies, as well as contradictory findings. This study aimed at providing a better understanding of two types of altruistic behaviour, sharing and comfort, in children between 3 and 5 years of age. The Dictator Game was used to study sharing behaviour. A puppet in a distress situation was used to study comfort behaviour. The study has the intention to understand what motivates children to act prosocially – if they tend to act in a genuine way, motivated by equity and justice, or in a strategic way, motivated by reputation and reciprocity. Children shared with a familiar recipient, present in the room, and a non-familiar recipiente, absent from the room. A secondary goal of the current work was to explore age diferences in these two prosocial behaviours. In the sharing situation, older children shared more than younger, but both acted more in a genuine way. In the comfort situation, both younger and older children acted in a similar way, again in a more genuine way.
ABSTRACT: The development of prosocial behaviour has been largely studied. However, literature has still no consistent data about the emergence and maintenance of prosocial behaviour, mainly in preschool age. There are gaps in previous studies, as well as contradictory findings. This study aimed at providing a better understanding of two types of altruistic behaviour, sharing and comfort, in children between 3 and 5 years of age. The Dictator Game was used to study sharing behaviour. A puppet in a distress situation was used to study comfort behaviour. The study has the intention to understand what motivates children to act prosocially – if they tend to act in a genuine way, motivated by equity and justice, or in a strategic way, motivated by reputation and reciprocity. Children shared with a familiar recipient, present in the room, and a non-familiar recipiente, absent from the room. A secondary goal of the current work was to explore age diferences in these two prosocial behaviours. In the sharing situation, older children shared more than younger, but both acted more in a genuine way. In the comfort situation, both younger and older children acted in a similar way, again in a more genuine way.
Description
Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica
Keywords
Altruísmo Idade pré-escolar Motivação Partilha Conforto Altruism Preschool age Motivation Sharing Comfort