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Effects of grade retention in lower secondary education on students' self‐concept, self‐esteem, goal orientations, and school career
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Abstract(s)
Grade retention is one of the most discussed and controversialeducational measures, and yet, it is still widely applied in manycountries. Research investigating the effects of grade retentionon students' psychosocial variables presents mixed findings,partly due to the variables assessed, methodological issues, andthe length of the studies. This study aimed to analyse both theshort to medium and longitudinal effects of grade retention ingrades 7 or 8 on Portuguese students' academic self‐concept,self‐esteem, goal orientations, and school career. Data werecollected continuously over a 3‐year span (once a year) and,again, 3 years after the third wave. After matching 477students on several pretreatment variables using inverseprobability treatment weighting with time‐varying treatments(i.e., retention), our analytical sample consisted of 85 promotedstudents, 33 students retained in grade 7, and 32 studentsretained in grade 8. Our results showed that retained studentsdid not differ from their promoted peers in self‐esteem andgoal orientations in the short, medium, or long term. Theexception was for an increase in the academic self‐concept ofretained students, but only in short term. Finally, consideringstudents' school career, grade retention was not predictive offurther retention.Psychol Schs. 2024;61:1897–1921.wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/pits|1897This is an open access article under the terms of theCreative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivsLicense, whichpermits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and nomodifications or adaptations are made.© 2024 The Authors.Psychology in the Schoolspublished by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Description
Keywords
Academic self‐concept Achievement goals Grade retention Matching methods
Citation
Pipa, J., Peixoto, F., & Daniel, J. R. (2024). Effects of grade retention in lower secondary education on students’ self-concept, self-esteem, goal orientations, and school career. Psychology in the Schools, 61(5), 1897–1921. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.23145