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Publication
Pensamento contrafactual e julgamento de intencionalidade em leitores com diferentes perspetivas
Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
A imaginação é uma característica da cognição humana, fundamental para o desenvolvimento efetivo das suas capacidades individuais e sociais. O presente estudo, versa sobre o Pensamento Contrafactual, como formulação de hipóteses alternativas, que são imaginadas pelos sujeitos, a fim de alterar um evento ocorrido, dando-lhe um desfecho diferente daquele que realmente ocorreu. O pensamento contrafactual influencia o julgamento da realidade, bem como as emoções, decisões e ações das pessoas, face aos desafios da vida.
O presente estudo, foi realizado em três perspetivas diferentes: Turista, Residente e Neutro, com dois cenários replicados dos estudos de Malle e Knobe (1997) e Ndubuisi e Byrne (2013). O tema escolhido apresenta um dilema, cujos resultados podem ser reveladores de como os indivíduos inferem o julgamento de intencionalidade, bem como das diferenças relacionadas aos pensamentos contrafactuais nas três perspetivas.
As pessoas julgaram que os efeitos negativos, (prejudiciais), foram intencionais, quando um dirigente comunitário, assinou uma concessão de exploração de lítio, que gerou 370 postos de trabalho para os moradores da região, mas prejudicou o ambiente, quando as medidas de recuperação ambiental e paisagística não foram implementadas por decisão do dirigente - as pessoas julgaram que ele prejudicou intencionalmente o ambiente. As pessoas também julgaram que os efeitos positivos, (de ajuda ao ambiente), não foram intencionais, quando o dirigente comunitário assinou a concessão para a exploração do lítio e implementou as medidas de recuperação ambiental e paisagística na região - as pessoas julgaram que ele não ajudou intencionalmente o ambiente.
As pessoas culparam o Presidente pelo resultado negativo, mais do que o elogiaram pelo resultado positivo. Os níveis de culpa, atribuídos seguiram os níveis de julgamento de intencionalidade pelo prejuízo, enquanto os níveis de elogio, para além de terem valores mais baixos, não seguiram os níveis de julgamento de intencionalidade pela ajuda.
Imagination is a characteristic of human cognition, fundamental for the effective development of their individual and social capabilities. The present study deals with Counterfactual Thinking, as a formulation of alternative hypotheses, which are imagined by the subjects, in order to change an event that occurred, giving it a different outcome than the one that actually occurred. Counterfactual thinking influences the judgment of reality, as well as people's emotions, decisions and actions, in the face of life's challenges. The present study was carried out in three different perspectives: Tourist, Resident and Neutral, with two scenarios replicated from the studies by Malle and Knobe (1997) and Ndubuisi and Byrne (2013). The chosen theme presents a dilemma, the results of which may reveal how individuals infer the judgment of intentionality, as well as the differences related to counterfactual thoughts in the three perspectives. People thought that the negative (damaging) effects were intentional when a community leader signed a lithium exploration concession, which generated 370 jobs for residents of the region, but harmed the environment when recovery measures of environmental and landscape were not implemented by decision of the manager - people believed that he intentionally harmed the environment. People also felt that the positive effects, (of helping the environment), were not intentional, when the community leader signed the concession for the exploitation of lithium and implemented the environmental and landscape recovery measures in the region - people believed that it did not intentionally helped the environment. People blamed the President for the negative result, more than they praised him for the positive result. The levels of guilt attributed followed the levels of judgment of intentionality for the loss, while the levels of praise, in addition to having lower values, did not follow the levels of judgment of intentionality for help.
Imagination is a characteristic of human cognition, fundamental for the effective development of their individual and social capabilities. The present study deals with Counterfactual Thinking, as a formulation of alternative hypotheses, which are imagined by the subjects, in order to change an event that occurred, giving it a different outcome than the one that actually occurred. Counterfactual thinking influences the judgment of reality, as well as people's emotions, decisions and actions, in the face of life's challenges. The present study was carried out in three different perspectives: Tourist, Resident and Neutral, with two scenarios replicated from the studies by Malle and Knobe (1997) and Ndubuisi and Byrne (2013). The chosen theme presents a dilemma, the results of which may reveal how individuals infer the judgment of intentionality, as well as the differences related to counterfactual thoughts in the three perspectives. People thought that the negative (damaging) effects were intentional when a community leader signed a lithium exploration concession, which generated 370 jobs for residents of the region, but harmed the environment when recovery measures of environmental and landscape were not implemented by decision of the manager - people believed that he intentionally harmed the environment. People also felt that the positive effects, (of helping the environment), were not intentional, when the community leader signed the concession for the exploitation of lithium and implemented the environmental and landscape recovery measures in the region - people believed that it did not intentionally helped the environment. People blamed the President for the negative result, more than they praised him for the positive result. The levels of guilt attributed followed the levels of judgment of intentionality for the loss, while the levels of praise, in addition to having lower values, did not follow the levels of judgment of intentionality for help.
Description
Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica.
Keywords
Pensamento contrafactual Julgamento de intencionalidade Perspetivas Counterfactual thinking Judgment of intentionality Perspectives