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A transição para a parentalidade na toxicodependência materna : comportamento parental e suporte social
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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
Objectivo: Este estudo teve como objectivo contribuir para a construção de um
modelo teórico acerca do comportamento parental de mães toxicodependentes em programa
de metadona com filhos até aos 24 meses, bem como averiguar a importância do suporte
social e percepção de competência materna no comportamento parental e cuidados
parentais prestados por estas mães, desde o final da gravidez até aos 24 meses da criança.
Metodologia: Foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas a 24 mães em
tratamento de metadona, com filhos até aos 24 meses de idade; e foram aplicados o
Questionário de Indicadores Individuais, a Entrevista de Redes Sociais, o Questionário de
Suporte do Cônjuge ou Parceiro, o Questionário de Cuidados à Criança, a Escala de
Percepção de Competência Parental e a Escala de Paciência /Irritabilidade a 26 mães em
tratamento de metadona (Grupo Experimental) e a 25 mães não toxicodependentes (Grupo
de Controlo), em vários momentos, desde o final da gravidez aos 24 meses da criança. Na
análise das entrevistas foi utilizada a metodologia Grounded Theory e os dados resultantes
das escalas e questionários foram analisados quantitativamente com o auxílio do pacote
estatístico SPSS.
Resultados: De acordo com o modelo teórico construído, foi possível identificar a
principal preocupação materna – ambivalência em relação à gravidez/maternidade e à
toxicodependência, associada a uma forte culpabilização – tornando-se claro um processo
de minimização do papel parental, que se torna meramente funcional. Surgiram como
factores intervenientes relevantes, que fazem variar o sentimento de ambivalência e
qualidade do comportamento parental, a idade da criança, as recaídas, o momento em que
se iniciou o tratamento, e o suporte social. No estudo quantitativo a análise das variáveis
sociodemográficas revelou diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos em variáveis como
o peso do bebé à nascença, a escolaridade e o rendimento mensal líquido. A rede de suporte
das mães toxicodependentes é mais alargada no final da gravidez, decrescendo em tamanho
e qualidade a partir dos seis meses de idade da criança, assim como o apoio do
companheiro, verificando-se uma diferença considerada significativa relativamente às redes
sociais globais e primárias das mães não toxicodependentes, com importância no aumento
da impaciência na relação mãe-filho e na diminuição da auto-percepção de competência
parental.
Conclusões: Conclui-se que o comportamento parental de mães toxicodependentes é
caracterizado por uma transição para a maternidade realizada com dificuldades, marcada
por sentimentos fortes de ambivalência e culpabilização, deixando pouca disponibilidade
para um maior envolvimento emocional na relação mãe-bebé que se repercute numa
maternidade funcional. A este período de transição, que vai até aos 6 meses da criança,
corresponde uma rede social primária e global com dimensões reduzidas e um suporte
social que decresce repentinamente após os 6 meses do bebé. A rede de suporte social e a
sua evolução ao longo do tempo parecem relacionar-se com o comportamento parental e
com os cuidados prestados aos filhos pelas mães em tratamento de metadona. Discutem-se
implicações teóricas e práticas dos resultados, limitações metodológicas e apontam-se
linhas de investigação futura.
ABSTRACT: Objective: The aim of this study is to contribute to a theoretical model about parenting of drug addicted mothers on a methadone program, with children up to two years old, as well as find out the impact of social support and self perception of maternal competence on parenting and on the quality of parental care by mothers who are substance abusers. Methods: Semi structured interviews were conducted to 24 mothers on a methadone program, with children up to 24 months old. Social Demographic Questionnaire, Social Network Interview, Scale of Spouse/Partner Support, Questionnaire of Child Care Activities, Scale of Perception of Maternal Competence, and Scale of Maternal Patience/Irritability were filled in by 26 drug addicted mothers on methadone treatment (experimental group) and 25 mothers who were not substance abusers (control group), in several moments of follow-up, since the end of pregnancy until children were 24 months old. In the analysis of the interviews Grounded Theory methodology was used, and data resulting from the quantitative study was analysed quantitatively using the SPSS statistical package. Results: According to the theoretical model, it was possible to identify the main maternal concern - a feeling of ambivalence between pregnancy/maternity and drug addiction, associated with a strong feeling of guilt. Confronted with this ambivalence, the process of minimization of the parental role, that becomes purely functional, becomes clear. Factors have emerged as relevant, influencing the feeling of ambivalence and quality of parenting: child's age, relapses, when the treatment has begun and social support. Quantitative study on the analysis of socio-demographic variables showed significant differences between the two groups in variables such as baby's weight at birth, years of education and monthly income. The longitudinal quantitative study results indicate that the mother's support network is wider at the end of pregnancy, decreasing in size and quality from the sixth month on, as well as partner support, with a significant difference in social global and primary social network of substance abusing mothers, who reveal higher impatience levels in mother-child relationship and low parental competence self-perception. Conclusion: Parental behaviour of drug addicted mothers is characterized by a difficult transition to motherhood, with strong feelings of ambivalence and guilt, leaving little availability to a greater emotional involvement in mother-baby relationship, resulting in a more functional maternity (parental behaviour responding only to the child's basic needs).This period of transition, until child is 6 months, is characterized by a primary social and global network with reduced dimensions and by a decrease in social support suddenly after 6 months, with correlation to higher levels of irritability, lack of patience and a lower self perception of parental competence. Social support network and its evolution through time seems to be related to parenting and child care quality by mothers on a methadone programme.Theoretical and practical implications of results, methodological limitations and future research lines are discussed.
ABSTRACT: Objective: The aim of this study is to contribute to a theoretical model about parenting of drug addicted mothers on a methadone program, with children up to two years old, as well as find out the impact of social support and self perception of maternal competence on parenting and on the quality of parental care by mothers who are substance abusers. Methods: Semi structured interviews were conducted to 24 mothers on a methadone program, with children up to 24 months old. Social Demographic Questionnaire, Social Network Interview, Scale of Spouse/Partner Support, Questionnaire of Child Care Activities, Scale of Perception of Maternal Competence, and Scale of Maternal Patience/Irritability were filled in by 26 drug addicted mothers on methadone treatment (experimental group) and 25 mothers who were not substance abusers (control group), in several moments of follow-up, since the end of pregnancy until children were 24 months old. In the analysis of the interviews Grounded Theory methodology was used, and data resulting from the quantitative study was analysed quantitatively using the SPSS statistical package. Results: According to the theoretical model, it was possible to identify the main maternal concern - a feeling of ambivalence between pregnancy/maternity and drug addiction, associated with a strong feeling of guilt. Confronted with this ambivalence, the process of minimization of the parental role, that becomes purely functional, becomes clear. Factors have emerged as relevant, influencing the feeling of ambivalence and quality of parenting: child's age, relapses, when the treatment has begun and social support. Quantitative study on the analysis of socio-demographic variables showed significant differences between the two groups in variables such as baby's weight at birth, years of education and monthly income. The longitudinal quantitative study results indicate that the mother's support network is wider at the end of pregnancy, decreasing in size and quality from the sixth month on, as well as partner support, with a significant difference in social global and primary social network of substance abusing mothers, who reveal higher impatience levels in mother-child relationship and low parental competence self-perception. Conclusion: Parental behaviour of drug addicted mothers is characterized by a difficult transition to motherhood, with strong feelings of ambivalence and guilt, leaving little availability to a greater emotional involvement in mother-baby relationship, resulting in a more functional maternity (parental behaviour responding only to the child's basic needs).This period of transition, until child is 6 months, is characterized by a primary social and global network with reduced dimensions and by a decrease in social support suddenly after 6 months, with correlation to higher levels of irritability, lack of patience and a lower self perception of parental competence. Social support network and its evolution through time seems to be related to parenting and child care quality by mothers on a methadone programme.Theoretical and practical implications of results, methodological limitations and future research lines are discussed.
Description
Keywords
Maternidade Comportamento parental Toxicodependência Suporte social Maternity Parental behaviour Drug addiction Social support