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Publication
Treino de visualização mental em guarda-redes de futebol: Avaliação do impacto de um programa de intervenção sobre o rendimento desportivo e sobre as competências de autoconfiança e de concentração
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Abstract(s)
O presente estudo tem como objectivo principal avaliar o impacto da implementação de um
programa de intervenção de visualização mental sobre o rendimento desportivo de guardaredes
de Futebol na situação específica de uma grande-penalidade em situação de treino. É
também objectivo avaliar a capacidade de visualização mental dos atletas, bem como os
efeitos nas competências de auto-confiança e de concentração no desempenho da tarefa.
Pretende-se ainda inferir sobre o possível efeito mediador nas capacidades fisicas de agilidade
e de flexibilidade. Para tal, desenvolveu-se uma investigação quase-experimental seguindo o
paradigma de intervenção clássica de pré-teste → fase de intervenção → pós-teste, com um
grupo experimental e um grupo de controlo. Assim, com a investigação dirigida, pretende-se
potenciar o desempenho desportivo e, consequentemente, é expectável que as competências
psicológicas e fisicas registem progressos estatísticamente significativos. Cooperaram 3
clubes desportivos da grande Lisboa e participaram, na totalidade da investigação, 8 atletas.
Nas fases de pré-teste e pós-teste a operacionalização da variável independente (programa de
visualização mental) com as variáveis dependentes “desempenho desportivo”,
“concentração”, “agilidade” e “flexibilidade” efectuou-se ao longo de 3 sessões nas quais se
realizaram, em cada uma, 10 grandes-penalidades por cada atleta. Em cada grande-penalidade
foram registados os desempenhos dos atletas em cada um dos parâmetros referidos em termos
de hetero-avaliação (investigador) e auto-avaliação (atletas). Avaliaram-se ainda as
competências da auto-confiança e concentração através do “Inventário de Competência
Psicológicas para Desportistas”. A capacidade de visualização mental foi avaliada na fase de
intervenção através do “Questionário de Visualização Mental” e de um “Guião de Auto-
Avaliação” aplicado no final de cada sessão (4 sessões). Relativamente ao impacto do
programa de intervenção, os maiores ganhos foram observados ao nível da competência de
concentração no desempenho na tarefa, revelando os resultados a existência de diferenças
estatísticamente significativas ao nível inter-grupal em ambos os tipos de avaliações
realizadas. Quanto à capacidade de visualização mental dos atletas submetidos ao tratamento
experimental, os resultados revelaram a existência de progressos estatísticamente
significativos unicamente ao nível da controlabilidade sobre as imagens mentais potenciadas
no decorrer dos vários exercicios realizados durante a fase de intervenção. Ao nível das
restantes variáveis em estudo os resultados revelaram a inexistência de diferenças
estatísticamente significativas entre quem possui e quem não possui um programa de
visualização mental. Assim, na generalidade os dados estatísticos obtidos não validam as
hipóteses colocadas inicialmente sobre os progressos possíveis de se obter com a
implementação de um programa de treino de visualização mental em guarda-redes de Futebol
na situação especifica de uma grande-penalidade.
This study has the purpose to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of implementing a program of mental training focused on psychological technique of imagery in goalkeeper Football, in the particular situation of a penalty in the training situation. Concurrently, it was also a target, with this type of intervention outlined, to assess the effects on the psychological skills of self-confidence, concentration, and in their ability to imagery of the athletes. In parallel, we wanted to seek about the possible mediating effect, of mental training program outlined, in the physical capabilities of agility and flexibility of the athletes. For that, it was developed a “quasi-experimental” research following the classical paradigm of intervention pre-test phase → intervention phase → post-test phase, with an experimental group and a control group. With this study we intend to stimulate the sport performance, as also that the physiologic and physical skills record significant statistical progress. Cooperating in the investigation there were three sports clubs from the greater Lisbon and participating in all research 8 athletes. In the pre-test-phase and post-test-phase the application of the independent variable (the mental imagery) with the dependent variable "sports performance", "concentration", "agility" and "flexibility" took place over 3 sessions, in which was held 10 penalties for each athlete. Each penalty was recorded, on a scale of observation created for this purpose, the performances of athletes in each of the parameters specified in terms of straight-evaluation (investigator) and self-evaluation (athletes). Additionally, it was assessed the psychological skills of self-confidence and concentration through the "Psychological Competency Inventory for Sport". Finally, the ability of mental imagery was assessed during the intervention phase (4 sessions), with the application of survey called "Script Self- Assessment", as well as through the application of the “Survey of Imagery”. Regarding the effects on the psychological skills, the biggest psychological gains were observed at concentration level throughout the performance on the task, showing the results differences statistically significant at inter-group level in both the assessments. Regarding the possible effects of the intervention phase in the ability of mental imagery of athletes in the experimental group, the results showed that although is found an evolution throughout its development, it is only possible to conclude that there were statistically significant progress in terms of controllability of imagery, compounded over the various exercises performed during this phase. For the different variants under study the results didn’t show the existence of statistically significant between who possesses or do not possesses an imagery program. In general, the statistical data obtained do not validate the hypothesis initially placed on the possible effects obtained by implementing a program of imagery.
This study has the purpose to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of implementing a program of mental training focused on psychological technique of imagery in goalkeeper Football, in the particular situation of a penalty in the training situation. Concurrently, it was also a target, with this type of intervention outlined, to assess the effects on the psychological skills of self-confidence, concentration, and in their ability to imagery of the athletes. In parallel, we wanted to seek about the possible mediating effect, of mental training program outlined, in the physical capabilities of agility and flexibility of the athletes. For that, it was developed a “quasi-experimental” research following the classical paradigm of intervention pre-test phase → intervention phase → post-test phase, with an experimental group and a control group. With this study we intend to stimulate the sport performance, as also that the physiologic and physical skills record significant statistical progress. Cooperating in the investigation there were three sports clubs from the greater Lisbon and participating in all research 8 athletes. In the pre-test-phase and post-test-phase the application of the independent variable (the mental imagery) with the dependent variable "sports performance", "concentration", "agility" and "flexibility" took place over 3 sessions, in which was held 10 penalties for each athlete. Each penalty was recorded, on a scale of observation created for this purpose, the performances of athletes in each of the parameters specified in terms of straight-evaluation (investigator) and self-evaluation (athletes). Additionally, it was assessed the psychological skills of self-confidence and concentration through the "Psychological Competency Inventory for Sport". Finally, the ability of mental imagery was assessed during the intervention phase (4 sessions), with the application of survey called "Script Self- Assessment", as well as through the application of the “Survey of Imagery”. Regarding the effects on the psychological skills, the biggest psychological gains were observed at concentration level throughout the performance on the task, showing the results differences statistically significant at inter-group level in both the assessments. Regarding the possible effects of the intervention phase in the ability of mental imagery of athletes in the experimental group, the results showed that although is found an evolution throughout its development, it is only possible to conclude that there were statistically significant progress in terms of controllability of imagery, compounded over the various exercises performed during this phase. For the different variants under study the results didn’t show the existence of statistically significant between who possesses or do not possesses an imagery program. In general, the statistical data obtained do not validate the hypothesis initially placed on the possible effects obtained by implementing a program of imagery.
Description
Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Social e das Organizações.
Keywords
Visualização mental Futebol Guarda-redes Grande-penalidade Imagery Soccer Goal-keeper Penalty-kick