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A melhor compreensão dos mecanismos subjacentes ao consumo problemático de álcool e a dependência alcoólica, revela-se essencial para a criação e desenvolvimento de intervenções mais eficazes. A investigação recente em neurociências da adição tem demonstrado que o comportamento de consumo de álcool e outras drogas é regulado pela competição entre sistemas de processamento de recompensas, os quais se mostram implicados nas atividades essenciais à sobrevivência. No entanto, o consumo de álcool e outras drogas leva a um conjunto de neuroadaptações que interferem com a função destes circuitos, produzindo reforço e contribuindo para o desenvolvimento da dependência.
O presente estudo centrou-se na compreensão que a sobrevalorização da recompensa associada ao consumo de álcool, em detrimento de recompensas naturais, pode acarretar para o consumo típico e problemático de álcool em indivíduos sem diagnóstico de perturbação ou dependência por consumo de álcool. A amostra foi composta por 750 estudantes universitários, a frequentar o Ensino Superior na Universidade de Missouri-Columbia (EUA) (M = 18,95 anos, DP = 1,69, 61,5 % mulheres, 595 Caucasianos). Os participantes preencheram um questionário online e realizaram uma versão da Approach-Avoidance Task (AAT), durante a qual foram expostos a imagens de bebidas alcoólicas, bebidas não alcoólicas e imagens neutras. Os resultados indicaram a existência de associações significativas entre as tendências motivacionais (ou viés) de aproximação do álcool, relativamente a recompensas naturais, e o consumo de álcool, binge drinking e consumo excessivo de álcool. Os resultados obtidos sugerem a importância de considerar as tendências motivacionais de valorização do álcool, relativamente à valorização de outras recompensas naturais, para possibilitar uma deteção precoce do risco de consumo problemático de álcool, e para informar o desenvolvimento de intervenções mais eficazes.
A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying problematic alcohol consumption and alcohol dependence is essential for the creation and development of more effective interventions. Recent research in addiction neuroscience has shown that alcohol and other drug use behaviour is regulated by competition between reward processing systems, which are involved in activities essential for survival. However, alcohol and other drug use leads to a set of neuroadaptations that interfere with the function of these circuits, producing reinforcement and contributing to the development of dependence. The present study focused on understanding how overvaluation of the reward associated with alcohol consumption, to the detriment of natural rewards, can lead to typical and problematic alcohol consumption in individuals without a diagnosis of alcohol use disorder or dependence. The sample consisted of 750 university students attending the University of Missouri-Columbia (USA) (M = 18.95 years, SD = 1.69 years, 61.5% women, 595 Caucasians). Participants completed an online questionnaire and performed a version of the Approach-Avoidance Task (AAT), during which they were exposed to images of alcoholic beverages, non-alcoholic beverages, and neutral images. The results indicated significant associations between motivational tendencies (or biases) toward alcohol relative to natural rewards and alcohol consumption, binge drinking, and excessive alcohol consumption. The results obtained suggest the importance of considering motivational tendencies to value alcohol relative to the valuation of other natural rewards, in order to enable early detection of the risk of problematic alcohol consumption and to inform the development of more effective interventions.
A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying problematic alcohol consumption and alcohol dependence is essential for the creation and development of more effective interventions. Recent research in addiction neuroscience has shown that alcohol and other drug use behaviour is regulated by competition between reward processing systems, which are involved in activities essential for survival. However, alcohol and other drug use leads to a set of neuroadaptations that interfere with the function of these circuits, producing reinforcement and contributing to the development of dependence. The present study focused on understanding how overvaluation of the reward associated with alcohol consumption, to the detriment of natural rewards, can lead to typical and problematic alcohol consumption in individuals without a diagnosis of alcohol use disorder or dependence. The sample consisted of 750 university students attending the University of Missouri-Columbia (USA) (M = 18.95 years, SD = 1.69 years, 61.5% women, 595 Caucasians). Participants completed an online questionnaire and performed a version of the Approach-Avoidance Task (AAT), during which they were exposed to images of alcoholic beverages, non-alcoholic beverages, and neutral images. The results indicated significant associations between motivational tendencies (or biases) toward alcohol relative to natural rewards and alcohol consumption, binge drinking, and excessive alcohol consumption. The results obtained suggest the importance of considering motivational tendencies to value alcohol relative to the valuation of other natural rewards, in order to enable early detection of the risk of problematic alcohol consumption and to inform the development of more effective interventions.
Descrição
Dissertação de Mestradoapresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre em Psicologia, especialidade de Psicologia Clínica
Palavras-chave
Álcool Recompensas naturais Consumo de alcool Risco de dependência por consumo de alcool Alcohol Natural rewards Alcohol consumption Risk of alcohol dependence