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- Sequelae of child maltreatment: Umbrella synthesis of 148 meta‐analyses on the mental health correlatesPublication . Coughlan, Barry; Duschinsky, Robbie; Bakermans‐Kranenburg, Marian J.; Bakkum, Lianne; Skinner, Guy C. M.; Markham, Alfred; Beckwith, Helen; Ijzendoorn, Marinus H. vanBackground: Numerous meta‐analyses have established associations between child maltreatment (CM) and mental health difficulties (MH). However, variation exists between meta‐analyses regarding the magnitude of these predictions. Methods: A systematic, quantitative umbrella synthesis (i.e., meta‐analysis of metaanalyses) was undertaken to describe the associations between various types of CM and MH. Meta‐analyses were included if they examined CM, including but not limited to retrospective reports in adulthood, and MH at any point. Included forms of CM were: physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, and exposure to intimate partner violence. MH outcomes were: externalising problems, internalising problems, thought problems, suicidal distress, substance misuse, and other psychological difficulties. Searches were run in January 2024. Random effects models were created in R version 4.2.0. Results: We analysed and combined effect sizes from 148 quantitative metaanalyses, including 668 effect sizes and over 9.5 million data points. CM was associated with all MH outcomes: (1) externalising problems (r = 0.21; 95% CI = 0.18–0.24; k = 32), (2) internalising problems (r = 0.22; 95% CI = 0.20–0.24; k = 46), (3) thought problems (r = 0.24; 95% CI = 0.21–0.27; k = 38), (4) suicidal distress (r = 0.23; 95% CI 0.18–0.28; k = 19), (5) substance misuse (r = 0.19; 95% CI = 0.13–0.26; k = 13), (6) other psychological difficulties (r = 0.24; 95% CI = 0.20–0.28; k = 50). Associations tend to be of similar magnitude for different forms of CM. Conclusion: CM is robustly associated with MH. A parsimonious explanation for these findings would be a common mechanism(s) or a general psychopathology factor conferring high‐risk for different mental health difficulties following CM. The results possibly question the conventional wisdom that suggests some forms of maltreatment are intrinsically more harmful to mental health than others. However, further work is required to understand how potentially confounding factors (e.g., age, measurement of CM) influence these associations.
- Understanding PTSD in Portuguese Youth: Predictors and Risk Factors in a Multi‐Clinic, Treatment‐Engaged SamplePublication . Inês Barroca; Inês Pinto; Paula Saraiva CarvalhoPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in childhood and adolescence is common. Studies have focused on a small group of predictors related to the traumatic event and still focus on the adult population.To explore the prevalence of PTSD and to identify factors that potentially increase the risk for the development of PTSD in a clinical sample of children and adolescents. Eligibility criteria included: experienced at least one traumatic event; age between 7 and 18 years; follow‐up period of at least 1 month. Data collection was achieved by using: clinical records to obtain the patients’ clinical data; the Clinician‐Administered PTSD Scale and the Checklist of Potentially Traumatic Events in Children and Adolescents. A total of 101 participants were included. The prevalence of PTSD was 35.6%. For pre‐traumatic factors, significant association was found for age, suggesting increased likelihood of PTSD for older participants. Regarding the type of event, PTSD was significantly associated with interpersonal events. Participants who were a single intervenient (involved person) had increased odds for PTSD. It was found that the association with PTSD, in a decreasing manner, occurred with dissociative symptoms, followed by symptoms of Group C (avoidance), Group B (intrusive thoughts), Group E (activation and reactivity) and Group D (cognitions and mood). Dissociative symptoms were significantly associated with PTSD. The study provides evidence that several factors can predict the development of PTSD in childhood and adolescence. Awareness about these factors, healthcare workers’ specific training, and prevention and intervention strategies are the foundation to promote child well‐being throughout life.