Browsing by Author "Barbosa, Miguel"
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- Contributos para a auto-regulação do bebé no paradigma face-to-face still-facePublication . Seixas, Íris; Barbosa, Miguel; Fuertes, MarinaResumo: Logo apos o nascimento o recém-nascido apresenta comportamentos instintivos de autorregulação que lhe permitem controlar as suas respostas motoras e vegetativas isolando-se de estímulos perturbadores, organizando-se face ao stress e iniciando ou terminando a interação com os pais. Estes comportamentos evoluem ao longo do primeiro ano de vida. A partir dos 3 meses estes comportamentos parecem organizar-se em estilos comportamentais e ter um peso moderado na qualidade da vinculação mãe-filho(a). No intuito de estudar os processos de autorregulação do bebé e o papel materno na interação, observámos 98 bebés (46 meninas, 51 primíparos, nascidos com mais de 36 semanas de gestação) e as suas mães, na situação experimental Still-Face aos 3 e aos 9 meses. O comportamento dos bebés foi classificado ou descrito quanto à sua forma de organização comportamental (e.g., capacidade de recuperação após o episódio do Still-Face) e o comportamento materno quanto à qualidade do envolvimento e ao nível de intrusividade. Os resultados indicam diferenças individuais na autorregulação do bebé, das quais descrevemos e apresentamos 3 padrões de organização de resposta subdivididos em sub-padrões comportamentais associados. Estas formas de autorregulação apresentam uma elevada associação com as respostas maternas, género do bebé e paridade. Os dados deste estudo suportam a tese de que a autorregulação infantil resulta da capacidade de mobilização dos recursos do bebé e da resposta que recebe para apoiar os seus esforços.
- Ontogenetic shifts in patterns of microhabitat utilization in the small-headed clingfish, Apletodon dentatus (Gobiesocidae)Publication . Gonçalves, Emanuel João; Barbosa, Miguel; Cabral, Henrique; Henriques, MiguelThe patterns of microhabitat utilization by the clingfish Apletodon dentatus were investigated, based on SCUBA diving surveys at the Arr´abida Marine Park (Portugal). In all inspected microhabitats, this species was only found in algal turfs, sea urchins and boulders. The association of A. dentatus with sea urchins is here analysed for the first time. There was a differential utilization of the microhabitats, with small juveniles recruiting to algal turfs, intermediate individuals found in association with the sea urchins Paracentrotus lividus and Sphaerechinus granularis and larger fish occurring mainly in boulders. The depth distribution patterns are also analysed.
- The role of intrasexual competition on the evolution of male-male courtship display: a systematic reviewPublication . Órfão, Inês; Carvalho, Constança; Rodrigues, Inês; Ascensão, Leonor; Pedaccini, Marie; Vicente, Luís; Barbosa, Miguel; Varela, Susana A. M.Background: Evidence of male-male courtship display is widespread across the animal kingdom. Yet, its function and evolutionary origin remain unclear. Here, we hypothesise that male-male courtship display evolved in response to selection pressure exerted by intrasexual competition during male-female courtship interactions. Intrasexual competition can be caused by bystander male pressure through eavesdropping and exploiting on displayer male’s courtship interactions with females. This bystander pressure can lead to an audience effect by the displayer, who will change their courtship behaviour in the presence of bystanders and display directly towards them, even in the absence of females, as an intimidation strategy. In species where this selection pressure has taken place, we predict that the male courtship display will have a dual function: attract females and deter competitors. Therefore, we expected to find more evidence of bystander-related behaviours in species for which male-male courtship display is linked to intrasexual competition compared to species for which other explanatory hypotheses are more plausible (e.g., mistaken identity or courtship practice). Methodology: We conducted two systematic reviews to test this hypothesis. First, we conducted a search for studies of species with courtship display between males and of the hypotheses provided to explain this behaviour. Our goal was to identify the species with male-male courtship display and evidence of intrasexual competition. Second, among the species with male-male courtship display, we searched for evidence of bystander-related behaviours, i.e., articles referring to eavesdropping, exploitation, and audience effect during male-female courtship interactions. Our goal was to test whether species with intrasexual competition are also more likely to show bystander-related behaviours. Results: Although most studies reporting male courtship display towards other males do not suggest any explanatory hypothesis for this behaviour, the intrasexual competition hypothesis was largely mentioned and supported by some studies reviewed. Additionally, there is more evidence of eavesdropping and of all three bystander-related behaviours combined in species for which the intrasexual competition hypothesis was suggested. Conclusions: Overall, our review supports the hypothesis that intrasexual competition can play a key role in male courtship display evolution, namely that male-male courtship display may have evolved as a secondary function of male-female courtship interactions via bystander male pressure. However, our review also shows that despite the increasing interest in same-sex sexual behaviours, and male-male courtship display in particular, most studies were found to be merely descriptive, and the hypotheses they suggested to explain courtship display between males mostly speculative. This highlights an important gap in the literature. To clarify both the evolution and the function of male-male courtship display, this behaviour needs to be empirically studied more often. Our review can help advancing this research area, as it makes the 20 species with male-male courtship display for which the intrasexual competition hypothesis was suggested excellent candidates for empirical research. Copyright 2022 Órfão et al.