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Desenvolvimento do raciocínio condicional e modelos mentais
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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
De acordo com a teoria dos modelos mentais
(Johnson-Laird, 1983; Johnson-Laird & Byrne, 1991)
a interpretação de uma frase condicional, do tipo Se p,
então q, gera os modelos iniciais:
p q
...
em que os três pontos representam um modelo sem
conteúdo explícito. A representação completa da condicional
compreende os seguintes modelos explícitos:
p q
¬p ¬q
¬p q
em que “¬” serve aqui para indicar a negação. A partir
deste quadro teórico, e da suposição de que uma inferência
é tanto mais difícil quanto maior o número de
modelos explícitos que requer, é possível colocar hipóteses
sobre diferenças no nível de dificuldade nas inferências
com os quatro silogismos condicionais.
Na experiência que iremos descrever pretende-se
testar essas hipóteses em sujeitos de diferentes níveis
etários (8, 11 e 15 anos). A partir dos resultados obtidos
serão adiantadas hipóteses sobre o progressivo desenvolvimento
da capacidade de representar os três
modelos mentais de interpretação das condicionais.
Serão ainda realçadas diferenças na resposta dos
sujeitos que derivam de diferenças no conteúdo das
frases condicionais. Um último objectivo, de carácter
exploratório, prende-se com a comparação das respostas
em sujeitos de duas nacionalidades (Portuguesa e
Húngara). Assim, o grupo de variáveis independentes define um plano factorial misto 2X3X2X4 (Nacionalidade X
Idade X Conteúdo X Silogismo), dado que a última
variável é intra-sujeitos.
According to the mental models theory (Johnson- Laird, 1983; Johnson-Laird & Byrne, 1991) the interpretation of a conditional sentence of the kind If p then q creates the initial models: p q ... where the three dots represent a model without explicit content. The complete representation of the conditional has the following explicit models: p q ¬p ¬q ¬p q where “¬” is used to indicate a negation. Based on the mental models, which advocate that the greater the number of explicit models needed, the more difficult is an inference, it is possible to consider hypotheses about the differences in the difficulty level in inferences with the four conditional syllogisms. In the experiment described, our goal is to test those hypotheses in subjects of different ages (8, 11 and 15 years old). Based on the results, we present hypotheses about the progressive development of the capacity to represent the three mental models in conditional sentences interpretation. We also want to emphasise the differences in the answers of the subjects, that are a consequence of the differences in the content of the conditional sentences. Our last goal is to explore the differences in the answers by subjects of two nationalities (Portuguese and Hungarian). Thus, the group of independent variables defines a mixed factorial design 2X3X2X4 (Nationality X Age X Content X Syllogism), since the last variable is within subjects.
According to the mental models theory (Johnson- Laird, 1983; Johnson-Laird & Byrne, 1991) the interpretation of a conditional sentence of the kind If p then q creates the initial models: p q ... where the three dots represent a model without explicit content. The complete representation of the conditional has the following explicit models: p q ¬p ¬q ¬p q where “¬” is used to indicate a negation. Based on the mental models, which advocate that the greater the number of explicit models needed, the more difficult is an inference, it is possible to consider hypotheses about the differences in the difficulty level in inferences with the four conditional syllogisms. In the experiment described, our goal is to test those hypotheses in subjects of different ages (8, 11 and 15 years old). Based on the results, we present hypotheses about the progressive development of the capacity to represent the three mental models in conditional sentences interpretation. We also want to emphasise the differences in the answers of the subjects, that are a consequence of the differences in the content of the conditional sentences. Our last goal is to explore the differences in the answers by subjects of two nationalities (Portuguese and Hungarian). Thus, the group of independent variables defines a mixed factorial design 2X3X2X4 (Nationality X Age X Content X Syllogism), since the last variable is within subjects.
Description
Keywords
Silogismos condicionais Teoria do modelos mentais Desenvolvimento do raciocínio Conditional syllogisms Mental models theory Development of reasoning
Citation
Análise Psicológica, 4(17), 695-711.
Publisher
Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada