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Diferenças de sexo nas atribuições causais: Inconsistências e viés
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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
O estudo das diferenças de sexo nas atribuições
causais e suas dimensões apresenta resultados inconsistentes,
modelos diversos e viés relacionados com o
tipo de tarefas usadas nos estudos, com o contexto em
que decorrem e, ainda, com variáveis motivacionais e
relativas aos papéis sexuais, responsáveis por diferenças
de sexo nas atribuições causais. O facto dos diferentes
modelos (da externalidade global, da auto-depreciação
e das baixas expectativas) para explicarem
as diferenças de sexo nos padrões atribucionais, apresentarem
como conclusão comum, apenas a evidência
de que as raparigas não atribuem o seu sucesso à elevada
capacidade, existindo uma maior tendência destas
para atribuirem os seus resultados à sorte (Frieze,
Whitley, Hanusa & McHugh, 1982), sugere a necessidade
de considerar as diferenças, ligadas ao sexo e aos
papéis sexuais, como processos – em vez de categorias
estáticas –, influenciados por múltiplos factores individuais
e de contexto, que apenas podem ser compreendidos
quando inseridos no contexto social (Deaux,
1984).
The study of sex differences in causal attributions and dimensions evidences inconsistent results, several theoretical models and biases related with the type of tasks used in the studies, with the achievement contexts in which the tasks are performed and, also, with motivational and gender-role variables, responsible for sex differences in causal attributions. Different theoretical models were proposed to explain sex differences in attributional patterns, such as: the general externality model, the self-derogation model and the low expectancy model. They evidenced only a common prediction: girls are unlikely to attribute their successes to ability, but are more likely to attribute them to luck (Frieze, Whitley, Hanusa & McHugh, 1982). This fact suggests the importance of considering sex and gender-role differences as processes – rather than static entities – influenced by multiple individual and context related factors, that can only be understood when considered in the social context where they are produced (Deaux, 1984).
The study of sex differences in causal attributions and dimensions evidences inconsistent results, several theoretical models and biases related with the type of tasks used in the studies, with the achievement contexts in which the tasks are performed and, also, with motivational and gender-role variables, responsible for sex differences in causal attributions. Different theoretical models were proposed to explain sex differences in attributional patterns, such as: the general externality model, the self-derogation model and the low expectancy model. They evidenced only a common prediction: girls are unlikely to attribute their successes to ability, but are more likely to attribute them to luck (Frieze, Whitley, Hanusa & McHugh, 1982). This fact suggests the importance of considering sex and gender-role differences as processes – rather than static entities – influenced by multiple individual and context related factors, that can only be understood when considered in the social context where they are produced (Deaux, 1984).
Description
Keywords
Atribuições causais Sexo Expectativas de sucesso Causal attributions Sex Expectancies for success
Citation
Análise Psicológica, 15 (2), 259-268
Publisher
ISPA - Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada