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Publication
Efeitos da familiaridade em julgamentos de duração
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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
A familiaridade tem o efeito de dilatar a nossa experiência subjetiva da duração de um
estímulo ou evento. Este efeito tem sido essencialmente associado a dois níveis de alterações
no processamento de propriedades não-temporais do estímulo: a eficiência no processamento
dessas informações, e a experiência subjetiva de fluência desse mesmo processamento. Os
trabalhos desenvolvidos nesta tese tiveram como principal objectivo contrastar as duas
explicações teóricas que se sustentam nessas vias de processamento, mas até aqui sem
fundamentação empírica. Nomeadamente, uma hipótese atencional, enquadrada em modelos
dedicados de processamento de informação (i.e., relógio-interno) no campo da percepção de
tempo, e uma hipótese atribucional de fluência, enquadrada em modelos generalistas de
decisão e julgamento. Num primeiro estudo meta-analítico, integrando a literatura
experimental sobre o efeito da familiaridade, demonstrámos a sua consistência e validade.
Além disso demonstramos que este é moderado pela duração objectiva dos estímulos
suportando processos de interferência exógena na atenção seletiva à informação temporal. No
entanto o efeito não parece ser moderado por tarefas concorrentes. Dados de um segundo
estudo experimental oferecem porém evidencias de efeitos de distribuição de recursos
cognitivos com um papel no processo associado ao efeito de familiaridade. Isto dado o papel
que a sensibilidade ou discriminação temporal exerce sobre o efeito (apenas previsto pelos
modelos de relógio-interno para alterações associadas à distribuição de recursos atencionais).
Adicionalmente, os dados do estudo meta-analítico sugerem que os efeitos da familiaridade
ocorrem quando a informação temporal é mais difícil de discriminar, o que está concordante
com o uso metacognitivo da experiência de fluência para desambiguar a informação do
julgamento corrente. Num terceiro estudo, corroborámos a hipótese-atribucional para o efeito
de familiaridade nos julgamentos de duração ao demonstrar que este é mediado pela atividade
dinâmica do músculo zigomático major associado a afetos positivos próprios da experiência
de fluência. Neste estudo os indicadores atencionais (i.e., atividade do corrugador superciliar
e da frequência cardíaca) não parecem estar associados à emergência do efeito.
Adicionalmente, testamos a hipótese do efeito de familiaridade poder ser explicado por
modelos puros de fluência perceptiva. Para o efeito contrastámos meta-analiticamente efeitos
de familiaridade, que agrega componentes de fluência perceptiva e conceptual, com
manipulações puramente perceptivas. Como esperado o efeito é replicado com as
manipulações de fluência perceptiva. No entanto, constatámos que outros indicadores
derivados dos pressupostos dos modelos de fluência, nomeadamente, efeitos de discrepância e
de correção da atribuição, se verificaram apenas para a fluência perceptiva, sugerindo que os
efeitos de familiaridade não se resumem a efeitos de fluência. Tomados em conjunto estes
dados sustentam que o efeito de familiaridade emerge por uma convergência de processos que
ocorrem através de múltiplas vias. Apontamos portanto para a necessidade de uma
complementaridade dos modelos na compreensão dos processos subjacentes ao efeito dafamiliaridade.
ABSTRACT : Familiarity has the effect of expanding our subjective experience of the duration of a stimulus or event. This effect has been essentially associated with two levels of changes in the processing of non-temporal properties of the stimulus: the efficiency in the processing of this information, and the subjective experience of fluency of this same processing. The work developed in this thesis had as main goal to contrast the two theoretical explanations that are based on these processing routes, but until now without any empirical bases. Namely, an attentional hypothesis, framed in dedicated models of information processing (i.e., ternalclock) in the field of time perception, and an attributional hypothesis of fluency, framed in generalist models of decision and judgment. In a first meta-analytic study, integrating the experimental literature on the effect of familiarity, we have demonstrated its consistency and validity. In addition, we demonstrate that it is moderated by the objective duration of stimuli supporting processes of exogenous interference in selective attention to temporal information. However, the effect does not seem to be moderated by non-temporal concurrent tasks. Data from a second experimental study, however, provide evidence of cognitive resource distribution effects with a role in the process associated with the familiarity effect. This is given the role that temporal sensitivity or discrimination exerts on the effect (only predicted by the clock-internal models for changes associated with the distribution of attentional resources). In addition, data from the meta-analytic study suggest that the effects of familiarity occur when temporal information is more difficult to discriminate, which is consistent with the metacognitive use of the fluency experience to disambiguate the central information in the judgment at hand. In a third study, we corroborated the attributional hypothesis for the familiarity effect in duration judgments by demonstrating that it is mediated by the dynamic activity of the zygomaticus major muscle, which is associated with positive affect of the fluency experience. In this study, attention indicators (i.e., corrugator supercilli activity and heart rate) do not appear to be associated with the emergence of the effect. Additionally, we test the hypothesis that the familiarity effect can be explained by pure models of perceptual fluency. For this purpose we meta-analytically contrasted the effects of familiarity, which aggregates perceptual and conceptual fluency components, with purely perceptual manipulations. As expected the effect is replicated with perceptual fluency manipulations. However, we found that other indicators derived from the assumptions of fluency models, namely discrepancy effects and correction of attribution, were verified only for perceptual fluency, suggesting that familiarity effects are not limited to fluency effects. Taken together these data hold that the familiarity effect emerges through a convergence of processes that occur through multiple paths. We therefore point to the need for a complementarity of models in understanding the processes underlying the effect of familiarity in duration judgments.
ABSTRACT : Familiarity has the effect of expanding our subjective experience of the duration of a stimulus or event. This effect has been essentially associated with two levels of changes in the processing of non-temporal properties of the stimulus: the efficiency in the processing of this information, and the subjective experience of fluency of this same processing. The work developed in this thesis had as main goal to contrast the two theoretical explanations that are based on these processing routes, but until now without any empirical bases. Namely, an attentional hypothesis, framed in dedicated models of information processing (i.e., ternalclock) in the field of time perception, and an attributional hypothesis of fluency, framed in generalist models of decision and judgment. In a first meta-analytic study, integrating the experimental literature on the effect of familiarity, we have demonstrated its consistency and validity. In addition, we demonstrate that it is moderated by the objective duration of stimuli supporting processes of exogenous interference in selective attention to temporal information. However, the effect does not seem to be moderated by non-temporal concurrent tasks. Data from a second experimental study, however, provide evidence of cognitive resource distribution effects with a role in the process associated with the familiarity effect. This is given the role that temporal sensitivity or discrimination exerts on the effect (only predicted by the clock-internal models for changes associated with the distribution of attentional resources). In addition, data from the meta-analytic study suggest that the effects of familiarity occur when temporal information is more difficult to discriminate, which is consistent with the metacognitive use of the fluency experience to disambiguate the central information in the judgment at hand. In a third study, we corroborated the attributional hypothesis for the familiarity effect in duration judgments by demonstrating that it is mediated by the dynamic activity of the zygomaticus major muscle, which is associated with positive affect of the fluency experience. In this study, attention indicators (i.e., corrugator supercilli activity and heart rate) do not appear to be associated with the emergence of the effect. Additionally, we test the hypothesis that the familiarity effect can be explained by pure models of perceptual fluency. For this purpose we meta-analytically contrasted the effects of familiarity, which aggregates perceptual and conceptual fluency components, with purely perceptual manipulations. As expected the effect is replicated with perceptual fluency manipulations. However, we found that other indicators derived from the assumptions of fluency models, namely discrepancy effects and correction of attribution, were verified only for perceptual fluency, suggesting that familiarity effects are not limited to fluency effects. Taken together these data hold that the familiarity effect emerges through a convergence of processes that occur through multiple paths. We therefore point to the need for a complementarity of models in understanding the processes underlying the effect of familiarity in duration judgments.
Description
Tese de Doutoramento em Psicologia na área de especialidade Psicologia Cognitiva apresentada ao ISPA - Instituto Universitário
Keywords
Familiaridade Percepção de tempo Fluência de processamento Meta-análise Familiarity Time perception Processing fluency Meta-analysis