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Publication
A representação e desconstrução do duplo padrão sexual
Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
O duplo padrão sexual é o conceito que dita que comportamentos sexuais são desejáveis
para homens e mulheres (Crawford & Popp, 2002). É tipicamente restritivo da sexualidade
feminina e promotor da masculina. Quem não adere a estas normas é julgado negativamente e
tem dificuldade de se integrar. No entanto, a sexualidade é universal. Como tal, o duplo padrão
sexual enquanto conceito afeta virtualmente todos os indivíduos. A investigação mostra que
existe uma tendência na qual o duplo padrão sexual tem vindo a desaparecer e até a inverter-se.
Uma tendência em que as mulheres demonstram comportamentos sexuais tão ou mais
permissivos que os dos homens. No entanto, há duas décadas que existem incongruências na
investigação científica, onde por vezes é possível observar um duplo padrão sexual tradicional,
outras onde não é possível observar nenhuma adesão ou até um duplo padrão sexual inverso.
Os estudos que se destacaram na investigação, conseguiram obter resultados onde existe de
facto um duplo padrão sexual, através da procura da eliminação da desejabilidade social. Como
tal, esta tese tem como objetivo compreender se o duplo padrão está presente numa população
de jovens adultos e se está, qual é a sua representação. Para tal, foi utilizado um teste de
associação implícita de duplo padrão sexual, que mede a força de associações automáticas entre
conceitos, eliminando a desejabilidade social. Em conjunção foram utilizadas escalas de autorelato de duplo padrão sexual e sociosexualidade. Finalmente, foi realizado um estudo
qualitativo, com base nos conceitos da investigação implícita do duplo padrão sexual. Os três
estudos nesta tese complementaram-se para concluir que, o duplo padrão sexual está presente
em jovens adultos portugueses, mas não na sua forma habitual. Existem crenças automáticas,
baseadas num duplo padrão sexual tradicional, mas com um auto-conhecimento e consciência
das pessoas de que estão possivelmente condicionadas por estas crenças. Contudo, as pessoas
estão cientes que aderem a um duplo padrão sexual e contrariam-no ativamente, por
reconhecerem que é prejudicial e por não se identificarem com tais crenças. Os resultados
sugerem que as crenças implícitas são um fator muito importante na investigação do duplo
padrão sexual
ABSTRACT: The sexual double standard is the concept that dictates which sexual behaviors are desirable for men and women. It is typically restrictive of female sexuality, while promoting male sexuality. Whoever doesn’t endorse these norms is negatively judged and has difficulty integrating. However, sexuality is universal. As such, the sexual double standard as a concept affects virtually every individual. The investigation shows that there is a tendency in which the sexual double standard has been disappearing or even reversing. A tendency where women show sexual behaviors as permissive or even more than men. However, for two decades now, there are inconsistencies regarding the scientific investigation. Where sometimes it is possible to observe a traditional sexual double standard, others where it is not possible to observe any endorsement or even a reverse sexual double standard. Studies that stood out from investigation, were able to acquire results where there is in fact a sexual double standard, by eliminating social desirability. As such, this thesis has as an objective to understand if the sexual double standard is present, in a young adult population, and if it is, how is it represented. As such, a sexual double standard implicit association test was used. This measures the strength of automatic associations between concepts, eliminating social desirability. In conjunction a sexual double standard and sociosexuality scales were used. Finally, a qualitative study, based on the concepts of the implicit sexual double standard was carried out. The three studies in this thesis complement each other to conclude that, the sexual double standard is present in young Portuguese adults, but not in its habitual form. There are automatic beliefs, based on a traditional sexual double standard, that seem to condition people’s beliefs. However, people are aware they may endorse a sexual double standard, and they actively try to avoid it, as they recognize it to be harmful and not in line with their beliefs. Results suggest that implicit beliefs are an extremely important factor regarding the sexual double standard investigation.
ABSTRACT: The sexual double standard is the concept that dictates which sexual behaviors are desirable for men and women. It is typically restrictive of female sexuality, while promoting male sexuality. Whoever doesn’t endorse these norms is negatively judged and has difficulty integrating. However, sexuality is universal. As such, the sexual double standard as a concept affects virtually every individual. The investigation shows that there is a tendency in which the sexual double standard has been disappearing or even reversing. A tendency where women show sexual behaviors as permissive or even more than men. However, for two decades now, there are inconsistencies regarding the scientific investigation. Where sometimes it is possible to observe a traditional sexual double standard, others where it is not possible to observe any endorsement or even a reverse sexual double standard. Studies that stood out from investigation, were able to acquire results where there is in fact a sexual double standard, by eliminating social desirability. As such, this thesis has as an objective to understand if the sexual double standard is present, in a young adult population, and if it is, how is it represented. As such, a sexual double standard implicit association test was used. This measures the strength of automatic associations between concepts, eliminating social desirability. In conjunction a sexual double standard and sociosexuality scales were used. Finally, a qualitative study, based on the concepts of the implicit sexual double standard was carried out. The three studies in this thesis complement each other to conclude that, the sexual double standard is present in young Portuguese adults, but not in its habitual form. There are automatic beliefs, based on a traditional sexual double standard, that seem to condition people’s beliefs. However, people are aware they may endorse a sexual double standard, and they actively try to avoid it, as they recognize it to be harmful and not in line with their beliefs. Results suggest that implicit beliefs are an extremely important factor regarding the sexual double standard investigation.
Description
Tese apresentada no ISPA - Instituto Universitário para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à
obtenção do grau de Doutor em Psicologia Clínica
Keywords
Duplo padrão sexual Papéis de género Crenças implícitas Sexualidade Sociosexualidade Desigualdade de género Género Cognições sociais Comportamentos sexuais Teste de associação implícita Orientação sexual Sexual double standard Gender roles Implicit beliefs Sexuality Gender inequality Sociosexuality Gender inequality Gender Social cognitions Sexual behaviors Implicit Association Test Sexual Orientation