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Ecos emocionais das minhas memórias : Memórias autobiográficas voluntárias e involuntárias na depressão major
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Abstract(s)
Esta investigação partiu do objectivo geral de estabelecer uma relação entre memórias
autobiográficas, esquemas precoces desadaptativos, vinculação e relações interpessoais na génese e
manutenção da depressão major. Procurou ainda analisar a evocação de memórias autobiográficas
involuntárias na depressão major. A depressão é uma perturbação emocional com uma elevada
prevalência, em que se verificam alterações cognitivas ao nível mnésico, designadamente na
memóra autobiográfica. A vinculação, esquemas e relações interpessoais parecem relacionar-se
com a memória autobiográfica, aspectos que em conjunto podem ser factores importantes à
compreensão da depressão e sua manutenção. Os resultados observados apontam, nos sujeitos
deprimidos, para a evocação de memórias autobiográficas de valência emocional negativa e para a
diminuição da especificidade da memória. Estes resultados foram também observáveis no grupo
de sujeitos com ansiedade generalizada. O mesmo não se verificou nos sujeitos sem alteração
psicopatológica que, apresentaram um predomínio de acontecimentos de valência emocional
positiva, sendo igualmente específicos. Os acontecimentos de valência emocional negativa e os
esquemas precoces demonstraram ser variáveis determinantes para a depressão. Constatámos uma
tendência, para na presença de esquemas precoces existir uma maior evocação de informação de
valência emocional negativa. Estes acabam por se reforçar mutuamente, levando também ao
reforço do ciclo depressivo. Na evocação de memórias autobiográficas involuntárias, os sujeitos
deprimidos evocaram um maior número de acontecimentos de valência emocional negativa e de
acontecimentos específicos, embora ao nível da valência se tenha verificado uma tendência para a
recuperação de informação emocionalmente positiva. Esta investigação permitiu-nos obter uma
compreensão alargada dos diferentes factores que contribuem para a génese e manutenção da
depressão, bem como identifica possíveis factores de maior vulnerabilidade para a manutenção do
ciclo depressivo. Sublinha ainda a importância do papel dos esquemas nos diferentes processos de
evocação e, sugere que durante o processo psicoterapêutico exista igualmente um enfoque na
recuperação da informação de forma involuntária.
ABSTRACT : This research began with the general objective of establishing a relationship between autobiographical memories, early maladaptative schemas, attachment and interpersonal relations in the genesis and maintenance of major depression. It also aimed to analyze the recall of involuntary autobiographical memories in major depression. Depression is an emotional disorder with a high prevalence, in which are present cognitive changes at the mnesic level, namely in autobiographical memory. Attachment, schemas and interpersonal relationships seem to relate to autobiographical memory, aspects that together can be important factors for the understanding of depression and its maintenance. The results obtained point out, in depressed subjects, to the recall of autobiographical memories of negative emotional valence and to the decreased specificity of memory. These results were also observed in the group of subjects with generalized anxiety. The same result was not observed in subjects without psychopathology which presented a predominance of positive emotional valence events, which also were specific. The negative emotional valence events and early schemas have proven to be determinant variables for depression. We noted a tendency for, in the presence of early schemas, to exist a larger recall of information of negative emotional valence: These ultimately reinforce each other, also leading to the reinforcement of the depressive cycle. In the recall of involuntary autobiographical memories, depressed subjects evoked a greater number events of negative emotional valence and of specific events; although at the level of valence there has been a trend towards a retrieval of positive emotional information. This research allowed us to obtain a broad understanding of the different factors that contribute to the genesis and maintenance of depression, while also identifying possible areas of greater vulnerability for the maintenance of the depressive cycle. It also stresses the important roles of schemas in the different processes of retrieval and suggests that during the psychotherapeutic process there is also a focus on involuntary retrieval of information.
ABSTRACT : This research began with the general objective of establishing a relationship between autobiographical memories, early maladaptative schemas, attachment and interpersonal relations in the genesis and maintenance of major depression. It also aimed to analyze the recall of involuntary autobiographical memories in major depression. Depression is an emotional disorder with a high prevalence, in which are present cognitive changes at the mnesic level, namely in autobiographical memory. Attachment, schemas and interpersonal relationships seem to relate to autobiographical memory, aspects that together can be important factors for the understanding of depression and its maintenance. The results obtained point out, in depressed subjects, to the recall of autobiographical memories of negative emotional valence and to the decreased specificity of memory. These results were also observed in the group of subjects with generalized anxiety. The same result was not observed in subjects without psychopathology which presented a predominance of positive emotional valence events, which also were specific. The negative emotional valence events and early schemas have proven to be determinant variables for depression. We noted a tendency for, in the presence of early schemas, to exist a larger recall of information of negative emotional valence: These ultimately reinforce each other, also leading to the reinforcement of the depressive cycle. In the recall of involuntary autobiographical memories, depressed subjects evoked a greater number events of negative emotional valence and of specific events; although at the level of valence there has been a trend towards a retrieval of positive emotional information. This research allowed us to obtain a broad understanding of the different factors that contribute to the genesis and maintenance of depression, while also identifying possible areas of greater vulnerability for the maintenance of the depressive cycle. It also stresses the important roles of schemas in the different processes of retrieval and suggests that during the psychotherapeutic process there is also a focus on involuntary retrieval of information.
Description
Tese de Doutoramento apresentada ao ISPA - Instituto Universitário
Keywords
Memória autobiográfica Vinculação Esquemas Depressão Autobiographical memory Attachment Schemas Depression