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Entre o sentir e o ser: O papel moderador dos traços de personalidade na relação entre a depressão e a empatia
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Embora a relação entre depressão e funcionamento interpessoal seja amplamente reconhecida, a forma como a sintomatologia depressiva e a empatia se relacionam, bem como a influência de características de personalidade, permanece pouco esclarecida. Este estudo teve como objetivo compreender de que forma a sintomatologia depressiva se relaciona com a empatia, considerando o papel dos traços de personalidade enquanto possíveis moderadores desta relação. Para tal, foi conduzido um estudo quantitativo, transversal e correlacional composto por 220 participantes da população geral. Níveis mais elevados de sintomatologia depressiva associaram-se a maior tendência para reações emocionais negativas perante o sofrimento alheio, refletindo maior desconforto pessoal. Verificaram-se igualmente associações significativas entre a depressão e os traços da personalidade, sobretudo a Afetividade Negativa e o Desligamento. Estes traços apresentaram ainda relações distintas com a empatia: uma maior Afetividade Negativa associou-se a maior preocupação e identificação emocional, embora também a um maior desconforto face ao sofrimento alheio; o Desligamento relacionou-se com uma menor capacidade de compreender a perspetiva do outro e maior desconforto perante o sofrimento do mesmo; o Antagonismo associou-se a menor preocupação e tomada de perspetiva; e a Desinibição a menor capacidade de adotar o ponto de vista alheio. As análises de moderação não evidenciaram efeitos significativos, embora uma análise exploratória tenha identificado um efeito isolado do Antagonismo na relação entre depressão e tendência para a imaginação empática. Em conjunto, os resultados sugerem que a depressão e a empatia estão associadas a padrões emocionais e interpessoais influenciados por características de personalidade estáveis.
Although the relationship between depression and interpersonal functioning is widely recognized, the way in which depressive symptomatology and empathy are related, as well as the influence of personality characteristics, remains insufficiently understood. This study aimed to understand how depressive symptomatology relates to empathy, considering the role of personality traits as possible moderators of this relationship. To this end, a quantitative, cross-sectional, and correlational study was conducted with 220 participants from the general population. Higher levels of depressive symptomatology were associated with a greater tendency toward negative emotional reactions to others’ suffering, reflecting higher personal distress. Significant associations were also found between depression and personality traits, particularly Negative Affectivity and Detachment. These traits also showed distinct relationships with empathy: higher Negative Affectivity was associated with greater concern and emotional identification, although also with greater discomfort in response to others’ suffering; Detachment was related to a lower ability to understand others’ perspectives and greater discomfort when faced with others’ distress; Antagonism was associated with lower concern and perspective taking; and Disinhibition with a lower ability to adopt others’ viewpoints. The moderation analyses did not reveal significant effects, although an exploratory analysis identified an isolated effect of Antagonism in the relationship between depression and the tendency for empathic imagination. Overall, the results suggest that depression and empathy are associated with emotional and interpersonal patterns influenced by stable personality characteristics.
Although the relationship between depression and interpersonal functioning is widely recognized, the way in which depressive symptomatology and empathy are related, as well as the influence of personality characteristics, remains insufficiently understood. This study aimed to understand how depressive symptomatology relates to empathy, considering the role of personality traits as possible moderators of this relationship. To this end, a quantitative, cross-sectional, and correlational study was conducted with 220 participants from the general population. Higher levels of depressive symptomatology were associated with a greater tendency toward negative emotional reactions to others’ suffering, reflecting higher personal distress. Significant associations were also found between depression and personality traits, particularly Negative Affectivity and Detachment. These traits also showed distinct relationships with empathy: higher Negative Affectivity was associated with greater concern and emotional identification, although also with greater discomfort in response to others’ suffering; Detachment was related to a lower ability to understand others’ perspectives and greater discomfort when faced with others’ distress; Antagonism was associated with lower concern and perspective taking; and Disinhibition with a lower ability to adopt others’ viewpoints. The moderation analyses did not reveal significant effects, although an exploratory analysis identified an isolated effect of Antagonism in the relationship between depression and the tendency for empathic imagination. Overall, the results suggest that depression and empathy are associated with emotional and interpersonal patterns influenced by stable personality characteristics.
Descrição
Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica.
Palavras-chave
Depressão Empatia Traços de personalidade Afetividade negativa Desconforto pessoal Depression Empathy Personality traits Negative affectivity Personal distress