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Orientação política e raciocínio moral
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Abstract(s)
O estudo da relação entre orientação política e raciocínio
moral tem gerado forte polémica nos últimos
anos. Existem duas perspectivas claramente distintas:
A perspectiva Desenvolvimentista ou Cognitivo-Evolutiva
e a perspectiva de Emler e col (1983) e de Sparks
e Durkin (1987).
A perspectiva Cognitivo-Evolutiva assume que as
atitudes políticas são um reflexo do desenvolvimento
moral: a um maior desenvolvimento moral, traduzido
por um raciocínio orientado por princípios, está associado
uma orientação política liberal, enquanto que a
um menor desenvolvimento moral, traduzido por um
raciocínio orientado por normas, está associado uma
orientação política conservadora (Fishkin e col., 1973;
Coder, 1975; Clouse, 1979).
Uma perspectiva antagónica a desenvolvimentista é
a preconizada por Emler e colaboradores (1983) e por
Sparks e Durkin (1987). Estes autores defendem que o
recurso a raciocínios orientados por normas ou a raciocínios
orientados por princípios não reflete diferenças
desenvolvimentais, sendo antes um reflexo de questões
pragmáticas, relacionadas com o posicionamento político
em cada situação.
O presente estudo vincula-se a esta última perspectiva; pretendeu-se provar, que a importância dada a
considerações morais orientadas por princípios não é
um domínio exclusivo de determinadas orientações
políticas. Com o objectivo de testar esta hipótese foi
passado a 120 sujeitos de diferentes orientações partidirias
um questionário composto por seis cenários verídicos,
com o intuito de avaliar, em cada um deles a
importância atribuída a princípios e a aspectos legais,
e foi passado uma escala de atitudes socio-políticas (SOPOL).
Os resultados indicaram que o uso de princípios morais
apareceu associado tanto ao conservadorismo como
ao socialismo medidos pela escala de atitudes socio-
políticas, não sendo portanto o seu uso, domínio
exclusivo de uma dessas variantes ideológicas.
ABSTRACT: The relation between people’s moral reasoning and their political orientation has become a controversial research topic in recent years. The research has been dominated by two perspectives: Cognitive developmental perspective and Emler’s (1983) and Sparks and Durkin perspective. The cognitive developmental approach assumes that political attitudes are manifestations of moral development: A higher moral development, expressed by a principled reasoning, is associated to a liberal political orientation. A lowest moral development, expressed by a conventional reasoning, is associated to a conservative political orientation. (Fishkin e col. 1973; Coder 1975; Clouse 1979). In contrast Emler Renwick and Malone (1983) and Spark and Durkin (1 987) argue that the use of conventional or principled reasonings reflects pragmatic concerns related to person’s political attitudes in diferent contexts, rather than different levels of cognitive maturity. The present study is attached to this last perspective. The purpose was to prove that the use of principled moral arguments is not an exclusive property of certain political orientations. To test this hypothese were placed to 120 subjects of different political orientation a questionnaire composed by 6 different situations, on purpose of evaluating the importance attributed to legal and principled arguments; was also placed a social-political attitude scale (SOPOL). The results indicate that the use of moral principies is associate to conservatism and socialism, evaluated by political attitude scale. Therefore that use is not a private domain of one of those ideological variants.
RESUME: L’etude de Ia relation entre I’orientation et raisonnement moral a provoque forte polémique pendant les derniers annés. II existe deux perspectives nettment distinct: La perspective des developmentists ou cognitive- evolutive et Ia perspective de Emler (1 983) et de Sparkes et Durkin (1987). La perspective cognitive-evolutive considere que les attitudes politiques sont um reflet du development moral: Au development morale traduit pour um resonnement guidi par des principes, est associé une orientation politique liberal, tendis que um mineur development morale, traduit pour um resonnement guidé par des normes, est associé une orientation politique conservateur (Fishkin et col, 1973; Coder, 1975; Clouse, 1979). Une perspective opposée i Ia developmentiste est preconisée par emler et ses colaborateurs (1983) et par sparks Sparks et Durkin. Les auteurs considerent que le recour a des resonnment guidée par des normes ou des principes ne reflect pas des diference developmentelles, mais elles sont um reflet des questions pragmatics lier i sa position politiques i chaque situation. Le présent étude est lier a cette demier perspective, on a voulue prouver que I’importance donné á des considerations morales guidées par principes, n’ai pas um domaine exclusive de certaines orientation politiques. Avec Ia finalitée de vérifier cette hypothese on a fait passé, entre 120 personnes de differentes orientation partisantes, um questionaire composé par 6 situations véridique, avec I’intention de evalouer I’importance qu’ils ont devonnés aux principes et aux aspects legaux, on a passé egalement une échelle de attiyudes socio-politiques ( Sopol). Les resultats ont demonstrée que I’usage des principes morales est associé au conservadorism et au socialism, m6surée par I’échelle de attitudes sócio-politiques, n’ai pas exclusif domaine d’unnes de ces variants ideologiques.
ABSTRACT: The relation between people’s moral reasoning and their political orientation has become a controversial research topic in recent years. The research has been dominated by two perspectives: Cognitive developmental perspective and Emler’s (1983) and Sparks and Durkin perspective. The cognitive developmental approach assumes that political attitudes are manifestations of moral development: A higher moral development, expressed by a principled reasoning, is associated to a liberal political orientation. A lowest moral development, expressed by a conventional reasoning, is associated to a conservative political orientation. (Fishkin e col. 1973; Coder 1975; Clouse 1979). In contrast Emler Renwick and Malone (1983) and Spark and Durkin (1 987) argue that the use of conventional or principled reasonings reflects pragmatic concerns related to person’s political attitudes in diferent contexts, rather than different levels of cognitive maturity. The present study is attached to this last perspective. The purpose was to prove that the use of principled moral arguments is not an exclusive property of certain political orientations. To test this hypothese were placed to 120 subjects of different political orientation a questionnaire composed by 6 different situations, on purpose of evaluating the importance attributed to legal and principled arguments; was also placed a social-political attitude scale (SOPOL). The results indicate that the use of moral principies is associate to conservatism and socialism, evaluated by political attitude scale. Therefore that use is not a private domain of one of those ideological variants.
RESUME: L’etude de Ia relation entre I’orientation et raisonnement moral a provoque forte polémique pendant les derniers annés. II existe deux perspectives nettment distinct: La perspective des developmentists ou cognitive- evolutive et Ia perspective de Emler (1 983) et de Sparkes et Durkin (1987). La perspective cognitive-evolutive considere que les attitudes politiques sont um reflet du development moral: Au development morale traduit pour um resonnement guidi par des principes, est associé une orientation politique liberal, tendis que um mineur development morale, traduit pour um resonnement guidé par des normes, est associé une orientation politique conservateur (Fishkin et col, 1973; Coder, 1975; Clouse, 1979). Une perspective opposée i Ia developmentiste est preconisée par emler et ses colaborateurs (1983) et par sparks Sparks et Durkin. Les auteurs considerent que le recour a des resonnment guidée par des normes ou des principes ne reflect pas des diference developmentelles, mais elles sont um reflet des questions pragmatics lier i sa position politiques i chaque situation. Le présent étude est lier a cette demier perspective, on a voulue prouver que I’importance donné á des considerations morales guidées par principes, n’ai pas um domaine exclusive de certaines orientation politiques. Avec Ia finalitée de vérifier cette hypothese on a fait passé, entre 120 personnes de differentes orientation partisantes, um questionaire composé par 6 situations véridique, avec I’intention de evalouer I’importance qu’ils ont devonnés aux principes et aux aspects legaux, on a passé egalement une échelle de attiyudes socio-politiques ( Sopol). Les resultats ont demonstrée que I’usage des principes morales est associé au conservadorism et au socialism, m6surée par I’échelle de attitudes sócio-politiques, n’ai pas exclusif domaine d’unnes de ces variants ideologiques.
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Citation
Análise Psicológica, 12, 265-2763, 439-447
Publisher
Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada