Psychological adjustment in resettled refugees: Making and finding meaning in collective trauma

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Journeys in meaning : Psychological adjustment to trauma in resettled syrian refugees

Publication . Matos, Lisa Marta Machado de; Leal, Isabel Pereira; Park, Crystal L.; Indart, Monica J.

The ability to make meaning of extreme events is a key determinant of psychological adjustment to trauma. Guided by Park’s (2010) integrated meaning-making model, the principal aim of this dissertation was to investigate the meaning-making experiences of resettled Syrian refugees and the impact of those experiences on posttraumatic adjustment. To this end, we conducted a mixed-methods cross-sectional study, with two phases of data collection and two independent samples. A total of 44 Syrian war-exposed adults living in urban communities across continental Portugal participated in Phase 1 Focus Groups (n = 2; 5 participants) and Phase 2 individual interviews (n = 39). Empirical results are described in Chapters 3 to 7. Key results identified: (1) exposure to significant meaning-shattering events pre-, during, and post-flight; (2) the centrality of pre-war global meanings related to identity, justice, control, God, expectations of normality, intact family and country, and peace to appraise the war and forced displacement; (3) situational appraisals as both intra- and interpersonal processes subject to revisiting with new trauma, new information, time, and context; (4) cognitive-specific, as well as immediate and gradual meaning violations; (5) determinants of search for meaning including cumulative stressors, availability of cognitive resources, stage of displacement, social support, coping strategies, and developmental age; (6) negative, positive, ambivalent, and unresolved meanings-made of trauma; and (7) psychological adjustment to refugee trauma as a continuum of responses, from distress to perceptions of growth. Findings suggest that meaning-making of refugee trauma entails a set of concurrent, dynamic, cognitive-specific trajectories that are informed by place and sociopolitical context, and thus prone to be repeatedly revisited. Findings further challenge the concept of successful psychological adjustment to trauma as an end-state. This work highlights the need to promote adaptive meaning-making as an integrated experience that prioritizes repairing the meanings most severely challenged by war, including sense of justice, belonging, control, as well as the possibility of a peaceful and safe future.

2022-07-27Doctoral thesis

Open access

Assessing meaning violations in Syrian refugees: A mixed‐methods cross‐cultural adaptation of the Global Meaning Violations Scale–Arab-V

Publication . Matos, Lisa; Água, Joana; Sinval, J.; Park, Crystal; Indart, Monica J.; Leal, I.

Refugees are disproportionately affected by extreme traumatic events that can violate core beliefs and life goals (i.e., global meaning) and cause significant distress. This mixed-methods study used an exploratory sequential design to assess meaning violations in a sample of Syrian refugees living in Portugal. For this purpose, we cross-culturally adapted the Global Meaning Violations Scale (GMVS) for use with Arabic-speaking refugees. In total, 43 war-affected Syrian adults participated in the two-phase study. Participants completed measures of trauma and narrated violations as they filled out the newly adapted GMVSArabV. GMVS-ArabV validity evidence based on response processes was investigated through Phase 1 focus groups (FGs; n = 2), whereas data from Phase 2 cognitive interviews (n = 38) were used to preliminarily explore the measure’s internal structure through descriptive statistics as well as culture- and traumainformed content evidence through thematic analysis. The results suggested highest goal (M = 3.51, SD = 1.46) and lowest belief (M = 2.38, SD = 1.59) violations of educational goals and religious beliefs, respectively. Themes related to stressors, item formulation, response scale, and the global meaning construct suggested that (a) beliefs and goals can be differentially violated by different stressors; (b) much like war trauma, including torture, daily stressors can additionally shatter pretrauma global meaning; and (c) refugees reappraise meaning and suffer violations anew throughout their migration journeys. The GMVSArabV offers a promising tool for exploring shattered cognitions in refugees and informs evidence-based approaches to trauma recovery and psychological adjustment in postmigration settings (the Arabic abstract and keywords are available in the Supplementary Materials).

2022Journal article

Open access

‘The War Made Me a Better Person’: Syrian Refugees’ Meaning-Making Trajectories in the Aftermath of Collective Trauma

Publication . Matos, Lisa; Costa, Pedro Alexandre; Park, Crystal; Indart, Monica J.; Leal, Isabel

first_pagesettings Open AccessArticle ‘The War Made Me a Better Person’: Syrian Refugees’ Meaning-Making Trajectories in the Aftermath of Collective Trauma by Lisa Matos 1,*ORCID,Pedro A. Costa 1ORCID,Crystal L. Park 2ORCID,Monica J. Indart 3 andIsabel Leal 1 1 William James Center for Research, ISPA—Instituto Universitário, 1149-041 Lisbon, Portugal 2 Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA 3 Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Academic Editors: Alessandra Talamo and Camilla Modesti Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(16), 8481; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168481 Received: 6 July 2021 / Revised: 3 August 2021 / Accepted: 6 August 2021 / Published: 11 August 2021 (This article belongs to the Special Issue Refugees across Communities: Health and Place Attachment in Resettlement) Download PDF Browse Figure Citation Export Abstract The centrality of the collective to Syrian identity and the ability of war to disrupt community ties have led to significant violations of Syrians’ pre-war assumptions about themselves, the world, and their place in the world. Guided by the integrated meaning-making model, this qualitative cross-sectional study assessed Syrian refugees’ meaning trajectories through their reappraisals of the war, attempts to repair community-informed shattered meanings, and those processes’ outputs (i.e., meanings-made) and outcomes (i.e., perceived psychological adjustment). We conducted semi-structured cognitive interviews with 39 Syrian war-exposed adults living in urban communities across Portugal, most of whom were beneficiaries of higher education programs for refugees. Interviews were analyzed through thematic analysis. Results suggest that the war severely disrupted Syrians’ sense of collective self, and that they repeatedly engaged in search for meaning, appraisals of the war, and reappraisals of shattered beliefs, life goals, and sense of purpose, both during wartime and in resettlement. In Portugal, despite persistent negative beliefs about the collective and ongoing and distressing searches for meaning, participants’ lived experiences concomitantly informed positive meaning reappraisals, including progressive restoration of worldviews, new opportunities for self-realization, and newly-found purpose, leading to perceived psychological benefits and growth. These findings suggest that meaning-making is both a trajectory and a dynamic process, informed by place and sociopolitical context. Clinical work to facilitate adaptive meaning-making and meaning-informed psychosocial interventions that help restore refugees’ shattered beliefs about safety, predictability, trust, and belonging, may be helpful directions to promote positive psychological adjustment and improve long-term integration prospects in refugees.

2021Journal article

Open access

Assessing meaning violations in Syrian refugees: A mixed‐methods cross‐cultural adaptation of the Global Meaning Violations Scale–ArabV

Publication . Matos, Lisa; Água, Joana; Sinval, J.; Park, Crystal; Indart, Monica J.; Leal, I.

Refugees are disproportionately affected by extreme traumatic events that can violate core beliefs and life goals (i.e., global meaning) and cause significant distress. This mixed-methods study used an exploratory sequential design to assess meaning violations in a sample of Syrian refugees living in Portugal. For this purpose, we cross-culturally adapted the Global Meaning Violations Scale (GMVS) for use with Arabic-speaking refugees. In total, 43 war-affected Syrian adults participated in the two-phase study. Participants completed measures of trauma and narrated violations as they filled out the newly adapted GMVSArabV. GMVS-ArabV validity evidence based on response processes was investigated through Phase 1 focus groups (FGs; n = 2), whereas data from Phase 2 cognitive interviews (n = 38) were used to preliminarily explore the measure’s internal structure through descriptive statistics as well as culture- and traumainformed content evidence through thematic analysis. The results suggested highest goal (M = 3.51, SD = 1.46) and lowest belief (M = 2.38, SD = 1.59) violations of educational goals and religious beliefs, respectively. Themes related to stressors, item formulation, response scale, and the global meaning construct suggested that (a) beliefs and goals can be differentially violated by different stressors; (b) much like war trauma, including torture, daily stressors can additionally shatter pretrauma global meaning; and (c) refugees reappraise meaning and suffer violations anew throughout theirmigration journeys. The GMVSArabV offers a promising tool for exploring shattered cognitions in refugees and informs evidence-based approaches to trauma recovery and psychological adjustment in postmigration settings (the Arabic abstract and keywords are available in the Supplementary Materials). J.

2022Journal article

Open access