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- Adaptation of sea turtles to climate warming: Will phenological responses be sufficient to counteract changes in reproductive output?Publication . Fuentes, Mariana; Santos, Armando Jose Barsante; Abreu-Grobois, F. Alberto; Briseño‐Dueñas, R.; Al-Khayat, Jassim; Hamza, Shafeeq; Saliba, Sally; Anderson, D.; Rusenko, Kirt; Mitchell, N. J.; Gammon, Malindi Jane; Bentley, Blair P; Beton, Damla; Booth, David; Broderick, Annette; Colman, Liliana; Snape, Robin; Calderon‐Campuzano, M. F.; Cuevas, Eduardo; López-Castro, M. C.; Flores-Aguirre, Cynthia Dinorah; Mendez, Fausto; Segura‐Garcia, Y.; Ruiz‐Garcia, A.; Fossette, Sabrina; Gatto, Christopher; Reina, Richard; Girondot, Marc; Godfrey, M.; Guzman Hernandez, Vicente; Hart, Catherine Edwina; Kaska, Yakup; Lara, P.H.; Marcovaldi, Maria Angela; Leblanc, Nia; Rostal, D.; Liles, Mark; Wyneken, Jeanette; Lolavar, Alexandra; Williamson, Sean; Manoharakrishnan, Muralidharan; Pusapati, Chandana; Chatting, Mark; Mohd Salleh, Sarahaizad; Patrício, Ana Rita; Regalla, A.; Restrepo, J.; Garcia, R.; Tomillo, Pilar Santidrián; Sezgin, Çisem; Shanker, Kartik; Tapilatu, F.; Turkozan, Oguz; Valverde, Clodoaldo; Carroll, Kristina Williams; Yilmaz, Can; Tolen, Nicholas; Tucek, J.; Le Gouvello Du Timat, Diane, Zelica, Marie; Rivas, Marga; Freire, Jordana; Touron, M.; Genet, Q.; Salmon, M.; Araujo, M. R.; Freire, J. B.; Davel Castheloge, Vinicius; Jesus, Paulo Roberto; Júnior, Paulo Dias Ferreira; Paladino, Frank V.; Montero‐Flores, D.; Sözbilen, Doğan; Monsinjon, JonathanSea turtles are vulnerable to climate change since their reproductive output is influenced by incubating temperatures, with warmer temperatures causing lower hatching success and increased feminization of embryos. Their ability to cope with projected increases in ambient temperatures will depend on their capacity to adapt to shifts in climatic regimes. Here, we assessed the extent to which phenological shifts could impacts from increases in ambient temperatures (from 1.5 to 3°C in air temperatures and from 1.4 to 2.3°C in sea surface temperatures by 2100 at our sites) on four species of sea turtles, under a “middle of the road” scenario (SSP2-4.5). Sand temperatures at sea turtle nesting sites are projected to increase from 0.58 to 4.17°C by 2100 and expected shifts in nesting of 26–43 days earlier will not be sufficient to maintain current incubation temperatures at 7 (29%) of our sites, hatching success rates at 10 (42%) of our sites, with current trends in hatchling sex ratio being able to be maintained at half of the sites. We also calculated the phenological shifts that would be required (both backward for an earlier shift in nesting and forward for a later shift) to keep up with present-day incubation temperatures, hatching success rates, and sex ratios. The required shifts backward in nesting for incubation temperatures ranged from −20 to −191 days, whereas the required shifts forward ranged from +54 to +180 days. However, for half of the sites, no matter the shift the median incubation temperature will always be warmer than the 75th percentile of current ranges. Given that phenological shifts will not be able to ameliorate predicted changes in temperature, hatching success and sex ratio at most sites, turtles may need to use other adaptive responses and/or there is the need to enhance sea turtle resilience to climate warming.
- Key issues in assessing threats to sea turtles: Knowledge gaps and future directionsPublication . Fuentes, Mariana M. P. B.; McMichael, Erin; Kot, Connie Y.; Silver-Gorges, Ian; Wallace, Bryan P.; Godley, Brendan; Brooks, Annabelle M. L; Ceriani, Simona A; Cortés-Gómez, Adriana A.; Dawson, Tiffany M.; Dodge, Kara L.; Flint, Mark; Jensen, Michael P; Komoroske, Lisa M.; Kophamel, Sara; Lettrich, Matthew; Long, Christopher A.; Nelms, Sarah E.; Patrício, Ana Rita; Robinson, Nathan J.; Seminoff, Jeffrey; Ware, Matthew; Whitman, Elizabeth R.; Chevallier, Damien; Clyde-Brockway, Chelsea E.; Korgaonkar, Sumedha A.; Mancini, Agnese; Mello-Fonseca, J; Monsinjon, Jonathan; Neves-Ferreira, Isabella; Ortega, Anna A.; Patel, Samir H.; Pfaller, Joseph B.; Ramirez, Matthew D.; Raposo, Cheila; Smith, Caitlin E.; Abreu-Grobois, F. Alberto; Hays, Graeme C.Sea turtles are an iconic group of marine megafauna that have been exposed to multiple anthropogenic threats across their different life stages, especially in the past decades. This has resulted in population declines, and consequently many sea turtle populations are now classified as threatened or endangered globally. Although some populations of sea turtles worldwide are showing early signs of recovery, many still face fundamental threats. This is problematic since sea turtles have important ecological roles. To encourage informed conservation planning and direct future research, we surveyed experts to identify the key contemporary threats (climate change, direct take, fisheries, pollution, disease, predation, and coastal and marine development) faced by sea turtles. Using the survey results and current literature, we also outline knowledge gaps in our understanding of the impact of these threats and how targeted future research, often involving emerging technologies, could close those gaps.