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- Relative to what? Dynamic updating of fluency standards and between-participants illusions of truthPublication . Garcia-Marques, Teresa; Silva, Rita Rocha da; Mello, Joana José de; Hansen, JochimPrevious research has shown that fluency effects are driven by discrepancies between current and baseline fluency. Thus, illusions of truth associated with repetition (which increases statement fluency and its perceived truth-value relative to new statements) are less likely to occur when participants judge pure lists of either all-repeated or all-new statements and comparisons are between-participants, than when participants judge mixed lists and comparisons are within-participants. Still, there are demonstrations of between-participants illusions of truth in the literature. In this manuscript, we explain the emergence of between-participants truth effects in terms of hypothetical dynamic updating of fluency standards. The findings of two experiments provide evidence for this hypothesis by showing that between-participants truth effects occur most strongly for the first elements of the statement list but are reduced over time. The findings suggest that the dynamics of fluency experiences contribute to the truth effect and should be taken into account when investigating illusions of truth.
- Supplemental material for a meta-analytical review of the familiarity temporal effect : testing assumptions of the attentional and the fluency-attributional accountsPublication . Fernandes, Alexandre C.; Garcia-Marques, TeresaThe current meta-analysis accumulates empirical findings for the familiarity temporal effect (FTE) in duration judgments (the duration of more familiar stimuli is judged to be longer than that of less familiar stimuli). It brings together data from 2 separate literatures: time perception and processing fluency. In doing so, this review offers more and stronger evidence for testing the reliability of the effect; it defines the relevant moderators for addressing the validity of the 2 main explanations for the FTE: the attentional and the fluency-attributional hypotheses. The analysis (random effect model) of a total of 128 experiments (N 3,338) showed that the effect of familiarity on perceived short durations (seconds) is highly reliable (g .52); the same (or a similar) effect also occurs for other fluency manipulations (g .51). The analysis supports assumptions generated by both the attentional and the fluency-misattributional explanations, suggesting that more research is needed to understand their possible dynamic relationship. Hence, this meta-analysis provides important guidance for future research with regard to time estimates. Public Significance Statement The present meta-analysis reviews evidence showing that more familiar stimuli are judged to have a longer duration than less familiar stimuli, showing this effect to have high reliability. In doing so, it brings together evidence provided by two separate literatures, time perception and processing fluency, to confront two alternative explanations: a) familiarity frees attentional resources to the temporal features of the stimulus, or b) the ease with which the stimulus is processed influences its perceived duration. Results support assumptions generated by both explanations, and future research should address how they relate.