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  • Psychometric properties of the university student engagement inventory among Chinese students
    Publication . She, Long; Khoshnavay Fomani, Fatemeh; Maroco, J. P.; Allen, Kelly-Ann; Sharif Nia, Hamid; Rahmatpour, Pardis
    Abstract Purpose: Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in China, student engagement in online learning has been a critical issue for all educational institutions. The university student engagement inventory (USEI) is the most used scale for assessing the construct of student engagement. The present study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the USEI among 1504 Chinese university students who completed a survey through an online platform between December 2020 and January 2021. Design/methodology/approach: In this cross-sectional study, content validity, construct validity and reliability of the scale were assessed. Findings: The results supported the three-factor model with acceptable goodness of fit (χ2 (71) = 369.717, p = 0.13, χ2/df = 5.207, comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.967, normed fit index (NFI) = 0.960, Tucker–Lewis index (TLI) = 0.958, standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) = 0.030, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) (90% CI) = 0.053 [0.049, 0.057]), good internal consistency and construct reliability (Cronbach's alpha and omega coefficient >0.70) and strong convergent validity. Also, the measurement invariance was confirmed across gender. Originality/value: This study showed that the 3-factor structure of USEI with Chinese university students had good construct validity, internal consistency and reliability. It could help measure student engagement in online learning in China. © 2023, Long She, Fatemeh Khoshnavay Fomani, João Marôco, Kelly-Ann Allen, Hamid Sharif Nia and Pardis Rahmatpour.
  • Student satisfaction and academic efficacy during online learning with the mediating effect of student engagement: A multi-country study
    Publication . Sharif Nia, Hamid; Maroco, J. P.; She, Long; Khoshnavay Fomani, Fatemeh; Rahmatpour, Pardis; Stepanovic Ilic, Ivana; Mohammad Ibrahim, Maryam; Muhammad Ibrahim, Fatima; Narula, Dr Sumit; Esposito, Giovanna; Gorgulu, Ozkan; Naghavi, Navaz; Pahlevan Sharif, Saeed; Allen, Kelly-Ann; Kaveh, Omolhoda; Reardon, Jonathan
    The COVID-19 pandemic caused unprecedented changes to educational institutions, forcing their closure and a subsequent shift to online education to cater to student learning requirements. However, successful online learning depends on several factors and may also vary between countries. As such, this cross-sectional study sought to investigate how engagement of university students, a major driver of online learning, was influenced by course content, online interaction, student acceptance, and satisfaction with online learning, as well as self-efficacy across nine countries (China, India, Iran, Italy, Malaysia, Portugal, Serbia, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a questionnaire-based approach, data collected from 6,489 university students showed that student engagement was strongly linked to perception of the quality of the course content and online interactions (p < .001). The current study also indicated that online interactions are a major determinant of academic efficacy but only if mediated by engagement within the online learning context. A negative correlation between student engagement and satisfaction with online learning was found, demonstrating the importance of students being engaged behaviorally, emotionally, and cognitively to feel satisfied with learning. Academic efficacy and student satisfaction were explained by course content, online interaction, and online learning acceptance, being mediated by student engagement. Student satisfaction and, to a lesser degree academic efficacy, were also associated with online learning acceptance. Overall, the structural equation model was a good fit for the data collected from all nine countries (CFI = .947, TLI = .943; RMSEA = .068; SRMR = .048), despite differences in the percentage variations explained by each factor (no invariance), likely due to differences in levels of technology use, learning management systems, and the preparedness of teachers to migrate to full online instruction. Despite limitations, the results of this study highlight the most important factors affecting online learning, providing insight into potential approaches for improving student experiences in online learning environments.
  • University Student Engagement Inventory: Validation in the indian online learning context
    Publication . Sharif-Nia, Hamid; Maroco, J. P.; She, Long; Narula, Dr Sumit; Ma, Lan; Kaveh, Omolhoda; Rahmatpour, Pardis; Ghahrani, Nassim
    Objective: This study aims to evaluate sources of validity and reliability of the University Student Engagement Inventory among Indian Students. Method: The data of this study was collected from 518 Indian university students in the design of a cross-sectional study from May to June 2022. Then the validity and reliability of the inventory were assessed. Results: The results showed that all three factor models indicated good evidence of construct validity (TLI = 0.960, CFI = 0.967), NFI = 0.960, and SRMR = 0.043), and reliability. The internal consistency of all three factors was >0.7. Conclusions: According to the findings of the present study, it was found that the concept of university student engagement in Indian students is a concept with three sub-concepts and 15 items. For more learning, academic progress, and development, as well as obtaining better educational results, student participation is important. Significance Statement: Considering the importance of students’ engagement in improving their performance and learning, it is necessary to evaluate it. Since, in other countries, the psychoanalysis of the USEI tool has also been discussed; in this study, the researchers investigated the validity and reliability of student engagement tools in India.
  • Parental hesitancy toward children vaccination: A multi-country psychometric and predictive study
    Publication . Sharif-Nia, Hamid; She, Long; Allen, Kelly-Ann; Maroco, J. P.; Kaur, Harpaljit; Arslan, Gökmen; Gorgulu, Ozkan; Osborne, Jason; Rahmatpour, Pardis; Khoshnavay Fomani, Fatemeh
    Aim Understanding vaccine hesitancy, as a critical concern for public health, cannot occur without the use of validated measures applicable and relevant to the samples they are assessing. The current study aimed to validate the Vaccine Hesitancy Scale (VHS) and to investigate the predictors of children’s vaccine hesitancy among parents from Australia, China, Iran, and Turkey. To ensure the high quality of the present observational study the STROBE checklist was utilized. Design A cross-sectional study. Method In total, 6,073 parent participants completed the web-based survey between 8 August 2021 and 1 October 2021. The content and construct validity of the Vaccine Hesitancy Scale was assessed. Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega were used to assess the scale’s internal consistency, composite reliability (C.R.) and maximal reliability (MaxR) were used to assess the construct reliability. Multiple linear regression was used to predict parental vaccine hesitancy from gender, social media activity, and perceived financial well-being. Results The results found that the VHS had a two-factor structure (i.e., lack of confidence and risk) and a total of 9 items. The measure showed metric invariance across four very different countries/cultures, showed evidence of good reliability, and showed evidence of validity. As expected, analyses indicated that parental vaccine hesitancy was higher in people who identify as female, more affluent, and more active on social media. Conclusions The present research marks one of the first studies to evaluate vaccine hesitancy in multiple countries that demonstrated VHS validity and reliability. Findings from this study have implications for future research examining vaccine hesitancy and vaccine-preventable diseases and community health nurses.
  • Psychometric evaluation of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale among Iranian population
    Publication . Sharif Nia, Hamid; She, Long; Froelicher, Erika Sivarajan; Maroco, J. P.; Moshtagh, Mozhgan; Hejazi, Sima
    Background The resilience construct is considered a personal trait composed of multiple aspects. Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale is a standard tool composed of fve factors and 25 items. This study aimed to determine the psychometric properties of this scale. Methods In this cross-sectional study, after the scale translation, the factorial structural validity was assessed via the confrmatory factor analysis with 70 180 samples. Internal consistency, composite reliability, convergent validity were assessed by calculating Cronbach’s alpha, composite reliability, maximum reliability, and Average Variance Extracted. The discriminant validity was assessed using Heterotrait-monotrait ratio of correlations matrix and also, measure invariance was evaluated. Results The original fve-factor model had good model ft indices but due to low factor loading of item 2 and 20, the model was modifed. The Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability for four factors were above 0.7 (except for factor 5). The convergent validity for all fve factors were achieved. Between factors 1 with 2 and 4, 2 with 3 and 4 discriminant validity was not established (correlations>0.9) and the results suggested that there might be a secondorder latent construct behind these factors. Therefore, a second-order assessment was performed. The results of the second-order latent construct assessment showed a good goodness-of ft and strong measurement invariance for both men and women. Conclusion The 23-item version of Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale is a reliable and valid scale to measure resilience as a complex construct in the Iran context