Browsing by Author "Bakermans-Kranenburg, Marian"
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- Celebrating more than 26,000 adult attachment interviews: Mapping the main adult attachment classifications on personal, social, and clinical statusPublication . Bakermans-Kranenburg, Marian; Dagan, Or; Cárcamo, Rodrigo A.; van IJzendoorn, MarinusABSTRACT Since the development of the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) in 1985, more than 26,000 AAIs have been administered, coded, and reported, representing 170 (wo-)man-years of work. We used multinomial tests and analyses of correspondence to compare the AAI distributions in various cultural and age groups, in mothers, fathers, high-risk, and clinical samples with the combined samples of North American non-clinical, non-risk mothers (22% dismissing, 53% secure, 8% preoccupied, and 17% unresolved loss or other trauma). Males were more often classified as dismissing and less frequently classified as secure compared to females (except adoptive fathers), and females were more frequently classified as unresolved (but not more often preoccupied) compared to males. A combination of high scores on the unresolved and insecure-preoccupied dimensions was shared by borderline personality disorder, autism spectrum disorders, and gender dysphoria, while combined high scores on the unresolved and insecure-dismissing dimensions characterized anxiety problems, obsessive-compulsive and thought disorders.
- Celebrating more than 26,000 adult attachment interviews: Mapping the main adult attachment classifications on personal, social, and clinical statusPublication . Bakermans-Kranenburg, Marian; Dagan, Or; Cárcamo, Rodrigo A.; van IJzendoorn, Marinus H.Since the development of the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) in 1985, more than 26,000 AAIs have been administered, coded, and reported, representing 170 (wo-)man-years of work. We used multinomial tests and analyses of correspondence to compare the AAI distributions in various cultural and age groups, in mothers, fathers, high-risk, and clinical samples with the combined samples of North American non-clinical, non-risk mothers (22% dismissing, 53% secure, 8% preoccupied, and 17% unresolved loss or other trauma). Males were more often classified as dismissing and less frequently classified as secure compared to females (except adoptive fathers), and females were more frequently classified as unresolved (but not more often preoccupied) compared to males. A combination of high scores on the unresolved and insecure-preoccupied dimensions was shared by borderline personality disorder, autism spectrum disorders, and gender dysphoria, while combined high scores on the unresolved and insecure-dismissing dimensions characterized anxiety problems, obsessive-compulsive and thought disorders.
- Couples’ empathy and sensitive responsiveness to a crying baby simulatorPublication . Kazmierczak, Maria; Pawlicka, Paulina; Anikiej-Wiczenbach, Paulina; Łada-Maśko, Ariadna; Van IJzendoorn, Marinus; Bakermans-Kranenburg, MarianEmotional empathy has been linked to prosocial behaviors and is deemed crucial for parenting and caring for infants. This study examined whether emotional empathy (dispositional and in response to infant crying) is associated with sensitive responsiveness, as observed in 221 heterosexual couples (half of whom were expecting their first child) during a standardized caregiving situation. Simulators resembling real infants were used. Caregiving performed by each partner individually and as a couple was observed using the Ainsworth sensitivity scale. The partners rated their own empathy and their perceived partner’s empathy toward the infant simulator. The Polish version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index was used to measure dispositional emotional empathy (empathic concern, EC; personal distress, PD). Multilevel modeling showed that self-reported and partner-reported empathy elicited by the infant simulator mediated the association between dispositional empathic concern and sensitive responsiveness during caretaking. Women were more empathic and responsive while caring for the infant simulator, and couple sensitive responsiveness was predicted by higher dispositional EC and lower PD in women but not in men. Our findings suggest that dispositional empathy and empathic reactions toward an infant simulator might translate into better adjustment to parenthood and more responsive parenting and coparenting.
- Development of the virtual-VIPP and a systematic review of online support for families during the COVID-19 pandemicPublication . Van IJzendoorn, Marinus; Stevens, Eloise; Bakermans-Kranenburg, MarianDuring the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns made it impossible for parenting coaches to reach the families without digital means of communication. Several studies were initiated to transform existing parenting interventions into hybrid or fully online versions and to examine their feasibility, acceptability and efficacy. We present one such transformation in detail, the Virtual-VIPP which is based on Video-feedback Intervention to promote Positive Parenting and Sensitive Discipline (VIPP-SD). Furthermore, we report a systematic review of 17 published trials with online versions of parenting programs. Overall, online parenting interventions seem feasible to implement, are well-received by most families, and to show equivalent effects to face-to-face approaches. Careful preparation of technicalities and monitoring of fidelity are prerequisites. Advantages of online parenting interventions are their potentially broader reach, more detailed process documentation, and better cost-utility balance. We expect that online parenting interventions are here to stay, but their efficacy needs to be rigorously tested.
- Facing ostracism: Micro-coding facial expressions in the Cyberball social exclusion paradigmPublication . Mulder, Riaan; Bakermans-Kranenburg, Marian; Veenstra, Johan; Tiemeier, Henning; Van IJzendoorn, MarinusBackground Social exclusion is often measured with the Cyberball paradigm, a computerized ball-tossing game. Most Cyberball studies, however, used self-report questionnaires, leaving the data vulnerable to reporter bias, and associations with individual characteristics have been inconsistent. Methods In this large-scale observational study, we video-recorded 4,813 10-year-old children during Cyberball and developed a real-time micro-coding method measuring facial expressions of anger, sadness and contempt, in a multiethnic population-based sample. We estimated associations between facial expressions and self-reported negative feelings, explored associations of child characteristics such as sex and parental national origin with observed and selfreported feelings during social exclusion, and tested associations of observed and self-reported feelings during social exclusion with behavior problems at age 14. Results Facial expressions of sadness and anger were associated with self-reported negative feelings during the game, but not with such feelings after the game. Further, girls reported to have had less negative feelings during the game than boys, but no such sex-differences were found in total observed emotions. Likewise, children with parents of Moroccan origin reported less negative feelings during the game than Dutch children, but their facial expressions did not indicate that they were differently affected. Last, observed emotions related negatively to later internalizing problems, whereas self-report on negative feelings during the game related positively to later internalizing and externalizing problems. Conclusions We show that facial expressions are associated with self-reported negative feelings during social exclusion, discuss that reporter-bias might be minimized using facial expressions, and find divergent associations of observed facial expressions and self-reported negative feelings with later internalizing problems.
- Family matters: Growing up in family-based care makes a world of a differencePublication . Bakermans-Kranenburg, Marian; Van IJzendoorn, MarinusWorldwide millions of children and youth live in institutions that may not provide basic conditions for good-enough care, and these numbers are predicted to increase drastically because of the aftermath of the COVID pandemic and wars raging in several parts of the world. We show that three conditions are essential: safe, stable, and shared care (Triple S care). Safe care means a caregiving environment free from child abuse or neglect; stable care implies a minimum number of separations from caregivers; and shared care entails support from a small network of 'alloparents' to alleviate caregiving tasks. With empirical and meta-analytic results from our studies over more than 30 years on institutionalization we demonstrate that institutions, including small ones like SOS Children Villages, cannot provide safe, stable, and shared care, and lead to substantial delays in development, not only for physical health but also for mental health and neurocognitive growth. The good news however is that children can recover from the setbacks of institutional care when they move to family-based environments, such as foster or adoptive care, kinship care, or Kafalah. Abolition of institutions does not automatically lead to better care. De-institutionalization can only succeed if the transition to family-based care is supported by policies that promote safe, stable, and shared alternative care. Facilitating and monitoring the transition to family-based care should be paramount in policies for children and youth without parental care.
- Innovations in attachment-based interventions in pandemic times: Feasibility of online attachment-based interventionsPublication . Van IJzendoorn, Marinus; Bakermans-Kranenburg, Marian
- Maternal cognitive functioning and psychopathology predict quality of parent-child relationship in the context of substance use disorder: A 15-month longitudinal studyPublication . PORRECA, ALESSIO; DE CARLI, PIETRO; Filippi, Bianca; Bakermans-Kranenburg, Marian; van IJzendoorn, Marinus; SIMONELLI, ALESSANDRAThis longitudinal study aimed to investigate the role of maternal cognitive functioning and psychopathology in parent-child relationship quality during residential treatment for mothers with Substance Use Disorder (SUD), in order to identify factors that may enhance or limit intervention effects. We assessed cognitive functioning (Esame Neuropsicologico Breve-2 [ENB-2]) and psychopathology (Symptom Checklist-90 Revised [SCL-90-R]) in 60 mothers diagnosed with SUD (Mage = 30.13 yrs; SD = 6.79) at treatment admission. Parent-child relationship quality was measured during free-play interactions using the Emotional Availability Scales every three months from admission (Child Mage = 17.17m; SD = 23.60) to the 15th month of the residential treatment. A main effect of maternal psychopathology and an interaction effect of time and cognitive functioning were found. More maternal psychopathology predicted lower mother-child relationship quality. Mothers with higher cognitive functioning presented a better treatment trajectory, with an increase in mother-child relationship quality, whereas mothers with lower cognitive functioning showed a decrease in relationship quality after initial improvement. These findings suggest that maternal psychopathology and cognitive functioning may influence the treatment of parent-child relationships in the context of SUD, although causality is not yet established. Implications for assessment and intervention are discussed.
- Oxytocin and state attachment responses to secure base support after stress in middle childhoodPublication . Cuyvers, Bien; Van IJzendoorn, Marinus; Bakermans-Kranenburg, Marian; Verhaeghe, Johan; Molenberghs, Geert; LAFIT, GINETTE; Houbrechts, Melisse; Bosmans, GuyWe tried to replicate the finding that receiving care increases children’s oxytocin and secure state attachment levels, and tested whether secure trait attachment moderates the oxytocin and state attachment response to care. 109 children (9-11 years old; M = 9.59; SD = 0.63; 34.9% boys) participated in a within-subject experiment. After stress induction (Trier Social Stress Test), children first remained alone and then received maternal secure base support. Salivary oxytocin was measured eight times. Secure trait and state attachment were measured with questionnaires, and Secure Base Script knowledge was assessed. Oxytocin levels increased after receiving secure base support from mother after having been alone. Secure state attachment changed less. Trait attachment and Secure Base Script knowledge did not moderate oxytocin or state attachment responses to support. This might mean that, regardless of the attachment history, in-the-moment positive attachment experiences might have a beneficial effect on trait attachment development in middle childhood.
- The moderating role of oxytocin in the association between parental support and change in secure attachment developmentPublication . Budniok, Samuel; Bakermans-Kranenburg, Marian; Bosmans, GuyAccording to the Learning Theory of Attachment, neuroendocrinological processes affect the association between parental support and change in attachment. The current study aimed to test this assumption for oxytocin (OT) given its role in social behavior. We conducted a three-wave longitudinal study in which 91 children (56% girls, Mage = 9.55, SDage = 0.63) participated. Change in attachment was assessed from Wave 1 to Wave 3 and was indexed by measuring trust in maternal support and Secure Base Script (SBS) knowledge. Measures of salivary child OT and parental support (child and mother report) were obtained during respectively the first and last wave. Results indicated that child-reported parental support was positively related to change in trust and more so for children with high OT levels. No (moderation) effects were found for SBS knowledge. Overall, these findings illustrate the importance of considering biological factors along with experienced parenting to explain differences in attachment.