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A filosofia existencial de Karl Jaspers
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Abstract(s)
O estatuto da filosofia é o de Filosofia da Existência
(Existenzphilosophie). É, por isso, imprescindível
manter numa abertura constante e em permanente
tensão os seus dois extremos: a Razão e a sua universalidade,
e a Existência e a sua singularidade incomunicável.
Quanto ao espaço da filosofia, ele é o da verdade
mais universal, do acolhimento mais amplo e da
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decisão mais ousada, no sentido de tudo compreender
e transcender, ou tudo compreender transcendendo.
Por último, o sentido da filosofia é o de servir de base
à vida. Revela-se a todo e a cada homem que nasceu
para o descobrir e para se decidir livremente a procurá-
-lo com um coração puro e consciente de que esta é a
única forma de o poder encontrar, uma vez que ele não
é constringente nem pode, ao contrário da verdade, ser
universal.
Fiel à Existência e ao seu pensamento, Karl Jaspers
nunca aceitou a denominação de «existencialista» porque
nunca defendeu um «existencialismo», o que
equivaleria a reduzir tudo à existência, transformandoa
num valor absoluto e aniquilando desse modo o seu
sentido. A Existência não é absoluta, é a Existência
possível. Uma superação constante de si mesma feita
de luta, fracasso e fé filosófica.
A Existência não é um valor nem um conceito. É
liberdade, comunicação, historicidade: o compromisso
fundamental do eu-consigo-mesmo,-com-o(s)-outro(s)-
-e-com-o-mundo. O pensamento, por seu lado, só tem
sentido na fidelidade autêntica a essa Existência que é,
no seu âmago, cifra da Transcendência. O valor dessa
fidelidade concentra-se na decisão constante pela escolha,
apesar do fracasso e da culpa. Uma fidelidade
que se prolonga até à morte, onde se esgotam as possibilidades
do Dasein.
No seu conjunto, a obra de Karl Jaspers dá-nos, pela
sua autenticidade e pela sua humanidade, uma chave
hermenêutica para as várias oscilações do ser-no-
-mundo enquanto projecto existencial. Dá-nos, acima
de tudo, um caminho para a mudança de atitude capaz
de converter a derrota em vitória e de transformar a insuficiência
e a decepção em élan e em certeza existencial,
de transformar a morte em vida.
Palavras-chave: Filosofia da Existência, Dasein,
Existência, Transcendência, inquietação existencial, situações-
limite, liberdade, escolha(er), comunicação,
historicidade, fracasso, fé filosófica.
ABSTRACT: The status of philosophy is that of the Philosophy of Existence (Existenzphilosophie). It is, therefore, extremely important to maintain open and in permanent tension its two extremes: Reason and its universality, Existence and its incommunicable singularity. In relation to the space of philosophy, it is that of the most universal truth, of the vaster reception and of the most bold decision as to understand and transcend everything or understand everything transcending. Finally, the sense of philosophy is to be the basis to life. It reveals itself to all and each man who was born to discover it and decides freely to seek it with a pure heart and conscious that this is the only way he can find it, since it is not constricted nor can, contrary to the truth, be universal. Faithful to Existence and its thought, Karl Jaspers never accepted the denomination of «existencialist» because he never defended «existencialism», that would mean reduce everything to existence transforming it into an absolute value and therefore annihilating its sense. Existence is not absolute, it is the possible Existence. It is a constant surpass of itself made of struggle, failure and philosophical faith. Existence is not a value nor a concept. It is freedom, communication, historicity: the fundamental compromise of the «I»-with-itself,-with-others-andwith- the-world. Thought, on the other hand, only has sense in a truly faithfulness to that Existence that is, in its essence, cipher of Transcendency. The value of that faithfulness concentrates on the constant decision of choice, despite failure and blame. A faithfulness that extends itself until death, where Dasein’s possibilities end. In its whole, Karl Jaspers’ work gives us, due to its authenticity and humanity, a hermeneutical key to the various oscillations of the being-in-the-world as an existential project. It gives us, above all, a way to a change of attitude capable of converting failure into victory and of transforming insufficiency and deception into élan and in existential certainty, death into life.
ABSTRACT: The status of philosophy is that of the Philosophy of Existence (Existenzphilosophie). It is, therefore, extremely important to maintain open and in permanent tension its two extremes: Reason and its universality, Existence and its incommunicable singularity. In relation to the space of philosophy, it is that of the most universal truth, of the vaster reception and of the most bold decision as to understand and transcend everything or understand everything transcending. Finally, the sense of philosophy is to be the basis to life. It reveals itself to all and each man who was born to discover it and decides freely to seek it with a pure heart and conscious that this is the only way he can find it, since it is not constricted nor can, contrary to the truth, be universal. Faithful to Existence and its thought, Karl Jaspers never accepted the denomination of «existencialist» because he never defended «existencialism», that would mean reduce everything to existence transforming it into an absolute value and therefore annihilating its sense. Existence is not absolute, it is the possible Existence. It is a constant surpass of itself made of struggle, failure and philosophical faith. Existence is not a value nor a concept. It is freedom, communication, historicity: the fundamental compromise of the «I»-with-itself,-with-others-andwith- the-world. Thought, on the other hand, only has sense in a truly faithfulness to that Existence that is, in its essence, cipher of Transcendency. The value of that faithfulness concentrates on the constant decision of choice, despite failure and blame. A faithfulness that extends itself until death, where Dasein’s possibilities end. In its whole, Karl Jaspers’ work gives us, due to its authenticity and humanity, a hermeneutical key to the various oscillations of the being-in-the-world as an existential project. It gives us, above all, a way to a change of attitude capable of converting failure into victory and of transforming insufficiency and deception into élan and in existential certainty, death into life.
Description
Keywords
Filosofia da existência Dasein Existência Transcendência Inquietação existencial Situações- limite Liberdade Escolha(er) Comunicação Historicidade Fracasso Fé filosófica Philosophy of Existence Existence Transcendency Existential inquietude Limit-situations Freedom Choice/(to) choose Communication Historicity Failure Philosophical faith
Pedagogical Context
Citation
Analise Psicológica, XIX(4), 539-557.
Publisher
Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada