Browsing by Author "Miranda, Mariana Pires"
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- Belief in a just world and secondary victimization : The role of adolescent deviant behaviorPublication . Mendonça, Rita Duarte; Miranda, Mariana PiresBelief in a Just World research found evidence that one feels threatened whenever one witnesses an innocent victim suffering, often resorting to secondary victimization to neutralize the observed injustice. However, literature has neglected the explanatory power of adolescent deviant behavior in victimization processes. This study (n = 284 students) aims to determine the impact of the adolescents' deviant behavior, BJW and victim's innocence on secondary victimization. Additionally, we analyzed juvenile deviant behavior's impact on victim identification. Juveniles who committed more deviant behaviors identified less with the victim than those with lower deviance levels. The interaction effects show that juveniles who are strong just world believers and have higher delinquency engaged significantly more in secondary victimization when confronted with an innocent victim. These results clarify the role played by adolescent deviant behavior and BJW in secondary victimization judgments regarding situations with innocent and non-innocent victims.
- Normas de desejabilidade e unicamente humano de características de moralidadePublication . Henriques, Patrícia; Pereira, Maria Gouveia; Miranda, Mariana PiresEste artigo teve como objectivo pré-testar um conjunto de características associadas à dimensão moralidade. Neste sentido, foram avaliadas 102 características associadas a esta dimensão, em duas dimensões de avaliação, desejabilidade e unicamente humano, por uma amostra de 106 estudantes universitários. As médias, as medianas, os desvios-padrão, os desvios médios da mediana, os intervalos de confiança de 95% são apresentados para cada característica em cada uma das dimensões de avaliação, assim como a indicação da uni ou bi-modalidade de cada distribuição. Os resultados permitem a selecção das características por desejabilidade ou por distribuição na dimensão unicamente humano. Foi possível verificar uma mais estreita e menos simétrica distribuição das características de moralidade na dimensão humanidade, ao contrário do que acontece na dimensão desejabilidade.
- On low-status groups : pervasiveness and boundaries of dehumanisationPublication . Miranda, Mariana Pires; Pereira, Maria Gouveia; Vaes, JeroenABSTRACT: Humanness is an important social dimension that groups strive for (Bain, Vaes, & Leyens, 2014; Haslam, 2006; Leyens, Demoulin, Vaes, Gaunt, & Paladino, 2007). A first research program designed by Leyens and colleagues (2000) has shown that ingroup members tended to consider themselves as uniquely human while outgroups fell short on that dimension. Importantly, dehumanization was thought to be dependent on ethnocentric motives and, as such, could be observed in both low and high status groups (Leyens et al., 2003). Whereas an initial set of data confirmed this assumption (Demoulin et al., 2005; Leyens et al., 2001; Paladino et al., 2002; Paladino & Vaes, 2009), this assumption has come under increased pressure as new data seem to suggest that, at least in some situations, group status is significantly linked to dehumanisation (Cappozza, Andrighetto, Di Bernardo, & Falvo, 2012; Harris & Fiske, 2006; Iatridis, 2013; Jones-Lumby & Haslam, 2005; Vaes & Paladino, 2010). To test the role of intergroup status on the attribution of uniquely human features to ingroups and outgroups, a first research paper aimed at experimentally varying the social perception of an ingroup and an outgroup on competence – as a proxy of status – and warmth (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick, & Xu, 2002). Furthermore, we have done so in an otherwise minimal intergroup situation to control for possible confounding variables. Results confirmed that only members of groups high on competence dehumanised the outgroup. Interestingly, this moderation was observed on the attribution of uniquely human emotions, an operationalisation of humanness that is thought to be less influenced by intergroup differences on socio-structural variables (Leyens, 2009). In the two subsequent papers we focus on the perspective of low status groups explaining when and why low status groups sometimes do and other times do not dehumanize others. We started to explore the role of outgroup identification, confirming in a correlational study with Gypsy minority members that those who wish to assimilate dehumanise the majority outgroup less (Study 1). Studies 2 and 3, conducted with immigrants in Portugal and Italy, confirmed that this result is extendable to an acculturation framework based on contact and culture adoption. Again, immigrants who preferred to assimilate with the host culture tended to dehumanize the majority group less. As such, we identified a first source of variability in dehumanization processes perpetrated by low-status groups. Subsequently, the pervasiveness of intergroup dehumanisation was tested disentangling group status and power. As such, power was manipulated among low status groups in a laboratory (Study 1) and in a natural setting (Study 2). Results confirmed that when low status groups were given some control on the outcome’s of a high status outgroup (i.e. power) they dehumanise the members of this outgroup to a greater extent than when they were given no control at all. Results are discussed in terms of the extent to which ethnocentric motives underlie dehumanisation and future research is outlined. Power.
- Paradigma: Teste de associação implícitaPublication . Oliveira, Manuel; Miranda, Mariana PiresO paradigma do teste de associação implícita (Implicit Association Test ou IAT), proposto por Greenwald, McGhee e Schwartz (1998) como instrumento para estudar a força das relações associativas entre conceitos e representações cognitivas, tem sido utilizado como medida implícita de eleição para aceder aos mais variados constructos tais como atitudes, crenças ou estereótipos, em diversos contextos de investigação (e.g., clínica, organizacional, política) para além da cognição social. O presente artigo descreve em pormenor os aspectos metodológicos associados ao IAT, informando ainda sobre as variáveis que moderam os efeitos IAT e que devem ser consideradas no planeamento dos estudos. São apresentadas algumas das explicações teóricas para os mecanismos subjacentes ao efeito IAT que têm sido propostas na literatura, e ainda resumidas as principais críticas de que o IAT tem sido alvo.
- We are human, they are not: Driving forces behind outgroup dehumanisation and the humanisation of the ingroupPublication . Vaes, Jeroen; Leyens, Jacques-Philippe; Paladino, Maria Paola; Miranda, Mariana PiresMostly invigorated by infrahumanisation theory, our knowledge on processes of dehumanisation in intergroup relations has grown considerably in the last decade. Building on these earlier endeavours, the present chapter reviews some recent empirical extensions that highlight the importance of differentiating between ingroup humanisation and outgroup dehumanisation because they are often moderated by specific variables. The role of these separate processes is discussed as a function of the main structural elements that define intergroup behaviour; that is, the defining boundaries of the groups, the relation between the groups at hand, and the ideologies of its members. Finally, the role of the different senses of humanness is discussed, suggesting that the folk conception of humanness differs between cultures.
- When in Rome… Identification and acculturation strategies among minority members moderate the dehumanisation of the majority outgroupPublication . Miranda, Mariana Pires; Pereira, Maria Gouveia; Vaes, JeroenThe study of humanness as a dimension of social judgment has received extensive attention over the past decade. Although the common reported finding is that people attribute more human characteristics to their ingroup than to the outgroup, similar tendencies are expected to be tempered for minority groups when judging the host society. In Study 1, carried out with Gypsy minority members, we tested the hypothesis that those group members who adopt an assimilative strategy identifying more with the host compared with the heritage culture will display the lowest levels of dehumanisation. In Studies 2 and 3, conducted with immigrants in Italy and in Portugal, respectively, the hypothesis was extended from an identification conceptualisation to an acculturation one. Despite significant variability in intergroup settings and measures, results confirmed our hypothesis that immigrants who choose to assimilate with the host culture dehumanise the outgroup less compared with those who adopt any of the other acculturation strategies. Implications for the ethnocentric nature of dehumanisation biases and for intergroup relations in general are discussed.